festinger and carlsmith experiment quizletfestinger and carlsmith experiment quizlet

Her parents attribute this to Elizabeth's laziness. repeatedly turning pegs in a peg board for an hour. From this point on they diverged somewhat. "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. The concept of aggression as a basic human instinct driving people to destructive acts was part of early_____theory. /Root 48 0 R We will have more to say concerning this explanation in discussing the results of our experiment. How do we explain this? This is manifested in the phenomenon called cognitive dissonance. ---------------------References: startxref They were urged to cooperate in these interviews by being completely and honest. & JANIS, I.L. The influence of role-playing on opinion change. The girl, an undergraduate hired for this role, said little until the S made some positive remarks about the experiment and then said that she was surprised because a friend of hers had taken the experiment the week before and had told her that it was boring and that she ought to try to get out of it. When the S arrived for the experiment on "Measures of Performance" he had to wait for a few minutes in the secretary's office. What is the term for the process of developing an opinion about another person? Social Researcher. A person's conformity in a situation like the Asch line study is most likely to be strongest when________. These Ss were treated identically in all respects to the Ss in the experimental conditions, except that they were never asked to, and never did, tell the waiting girl that the experimental tasks were enjoyable and lots of fun. In explaining our own behavior, we tend to use situational attributions rather than personal, which is, When prejudicial attitudes cause members of a particular social group to be treated differently than the others in situations that call for equal treatment, it is called. After the half hour on the second task was over, the E conspicuously set the stop watch back to zero, put it away, pushed his chair back, lit a cigarette, and said: Up to this point the procedure was identical for Ss in all conditions. This has many practical implications. Fritz Heider developed _______ to explain why people choose the particular explanations of behavior that they do. Oct. 2011. are learned through experiences and contact with others, Cindy tastes peas for the first time and realizes she does not like them. Therefore the person's attitude changes. The results strongly corroborate the theory that was tested. The people who were paid $1 rated the task as more enjoyable because they had no ample justification for lying, so they convinced themselves that the task was fun and rated it as fun. [/PDF Festinger's theory said that when a person holds contradictory elements in cognition (producing an unpleasant state called dissonance) the person will work to bring the elements back into agreement or congruence. Hence, the alternative explanation discussed above cannot account for the findings. The public service messages that encourage parents to sit down with their children and talk frankly about drugs are promoting which method of attitude formation? The more you see someone, the more likely you are to _____ that person. Instead the opposite happened. We felt it was important to show that the effect was not a completely general one but was specific to the content of the dissonance which was created. Festinger and Carlsmith further concluded, based off the the control group, that those who were only paid $1 felt that they were forcing themselves to explain how "enjoyable" of a task this was when in reality it was not. If the results of our experiment are to be taken as strong corroboration of the theory of cognitive dissonance, this possible alternative explanation must be dealt with. Actually, the result, as may be seen in the table, are in exactly the same direction, and the magnitude of the mean differences is fully as large as on the first question. Introducing Cram Folders! When a one-hour session had been completed the students were asked to tell the next participant that the experiment was extremely interesting and enjoyable. Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. At the beginning of the Festinger and Carlsmith experiment, student volunteers were asked to perform a simple and boring task. All experimental Ss in both One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions were asked, after this explanation, to return the money they had [p. 207] been given. The major results of the experiment are summarized in Table 1 which lists, separately for each of the three experimental conditions, the average rating which the Ss gave at the end of each question on the interview. Subjects were subjected to a boring experience and then paid to tell someone that the experience had been interesting and enjoyable. 48 0 obj Were the tasks interesting and enjoyable? If behavior is assumed to be caused by internal personality characteristics, this is known as___________. The______explanation of prejudice assumes that the same processes that help form other attitudes form prejudiced attitudes. /ImageB From this point on, the procedure for all three conditions was once more identical. While it is true that the experiment took place in the 50s, the results are still being recognized up to this date. << In the other two conditions, however, the Ss told someone that these tasks were interesting and enjoyab1e. Jeff is assuming a, Cheryl got a bad grade on her test, which she attributes to the fact that she had to work overtime throughout the week and so could not study as much as usual. First published in Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. _______ occurs when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility. Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page One side argued that football was good for a university, the other side argued that it was harmful. The amount of money paid the subject was varied. A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all groups members get the same grade. Rating scale 0 to 10. He then left saying he would return in a couple of minutes. He reasoned that if the person is induced to make an overt statement contrary to his private opinion by the offer of some reward, then the greater the reward offered, the greater should be the subsequent opinion change. /Prev 679084 Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) conducted one of the first studies examining cognitive dissonance. The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones who were___________. In the Latane and Darley experiment, subjects were most likely to help when______. Sandy loves to play pool and has become quite good at the game. The formation of in-groups and out-groups, The effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior is, Strategies for overcoming prejudice include. In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. When she gets up to play it at the recital in front of 100 people, she preforms it better than she ever has. He then said: The E then took the S into the secretary's office where he had previously waited and where the next S was waiting. But nevertheless, the possibility exists that the Ss n the One Dollar condition may have improvised more. Which of the following is not one of the three things people do to reduce cognitive dissonance? show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do, stanford uni students were asked to do simple, boring tasks for an hour and the researchers timed them with a stopwatch and took notes to make it seem as if the task was important, the participants were given either $1 or $20 to tell another student that the task was fun, there was a clear difference of opinion in the follow up interview. That is it. Why are black people stopped by police more than white people? Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. Maria had fallen victim to the_______technique. 50 0 obj In this way, they propose, the person who is forced to improvise a speech convinces himself. Cognitive dissonance is when we experience conflicting thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes. To which he readily agrees. York University, Toronto, Ontario. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-211. They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. Through the lens of cognitive dissonance theory, however, the explanation was a bit different. The results, according to the researchers, display the cognitive dissonance phenomenon. 0000011828 00000 n Selena has just used the, Changing ones behavior due to a direct order of an authority figure is referred to as. Patrick is very proud of his Irish heritage and thinks of himself as an Irish American. Among the paid participants, 5 had suspicions about getting paid for the designated task. The One Dollar condition is higher than the other two. In the Milgram study and several similar studies, between _____ percent of the participants went all the way up to the 450-volt shock level. _________ has been linked to higher levels of aggression. e_@{:o>A~66O;_w0diF] S X'vk@*g%^?TIg.hi:l'z$-~ >,D tZ)+;=bz-{;(j;C+RC?2jyy.B{WqJx~CaV&+*N4h\2%5$rT `L#%rl2`8tl Ec_\kf"~BY For Jerry, going to the dog races a lot represents the___________component of an attitude. Physical attractiveness is most involved in which of the following aspects of persuasion? The interview consisted of four questions, on each of which the S was first encouraged to talk about the matter and was then asked to rate his opinion or reaction on an 11-point scale. Festinger and Carlsmith argued that subjects who were paid onJy $1.00 to lie to another person experienced "cognitive dissonance." According to Festinger (1957), people experience cognitive dissonance when they simultaneously hold two thoughts that are psychologically inconsistent (i.e., thoughts that feel contradictory or incompatible in some . 0000000868 00000 n He found, rather, that a large reward produced less subsequent opinion change than did a smaller reward. There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. He hoped to exhibit cognitive dissonance in an experiment which was cleverly disguised as a performance experiment. 2. One of the major weaknesses of the data is that not all subjects in the experiment made an overt statement contrary to their private opinion in order to obtain the offered reward. Putting these 11 in exception, the 60 remaining responses are the following: One of the questions that Festinger and Carlsmith were aiming to answer is how enjoyable were the tasks for the participants. D. It was Nicole's first year of high school. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. We will discuss each of the questions on the interview separately, because they were intended to measure different things. gsKkaO\Cw`c L J=x8;zy\kd7vHzl=1~6}4=m_IQfKn[3Mqwp0uyM-P:. Dr. Nekita Fuller bystander effect and diffusion of responsibly. KING, B.T. 0000013918 00000 n Cognitive dissonance theory is the theory that we act to reduce discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent (Myers 2007). When the do not, they experience unpleasant mental tension or dissonance answer choices attribution theory cognitive dissonance theory reciprocity theory compliance theory Question 3 45 seconds Q. A similar rating of the over-all content of what the S said. [1] The experiment reported here was done as part of a program of research supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation to the senior author. "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. Why this might have been the case is, of course, not immediately apparent. Research has found that the view that opposites attract, According to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion, and, Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of, Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her. Now Lilly says that classic rock is her favorite music, too. Prejudice, s Stereotypes are defined as particular beliefs or assumptions about a human being based on their association with a group (Spielman, 2014, p.225). Actually this finding by Kelman is consistent with the theory we will outline below but, for a number of reasons is not conclusive. One group was being paid that amount to lie to the next subject about the boring experiment. Half the students were offered a $1 incentive for telling the next student about the experiment, and half were paid $20. You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. This is. Add to folder Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)? Which of the following was NOT a component of Robert Sternberg's theory of love? >> Generally speaking, the social comparison theory explains how individuals evaluate their opinion and desires by comparing themselves to others. Which of the following represents an example of cognitive dissonance? Let us then see what can be said about the total magnitude of dissonance in a person created by the knowledge that he said "not X" and really believes "X." 52 0 obj Like Explorable? (Goleman, 1991). When the interview was over, the interviewer brought the S back to the experimental room where the E was waiting together with the girl who had posed as the waiting S. (In the control condition, of course, the girl was not there.) in the experiment we varied the amount of reward used to force persons to make a statement contrary to their private views. Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. /Text In all the comparisons, the Control condition should be regarded as a baseline from which to evaluate the results in the other two conditions. Let us think of the sum of all the dissonances involving some particular cognition as "D" and the sum of all the consonances as "C." Then we might [p. 204] think of the total magnitude of dissonance as being a function of "D" divided by "D" plus "C.". A concrete example involves the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s in the United States. Rating scale -5 to +5, Did the experiment give the subject an opportunity to learn about their own abilities? In 1959, Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith published an influential study showing that cognitive dissonance can affect behavior in unexpected ways. Control condition. Which of the following is not one of the elements of effective persuasion? We would also like to acknowledge the help of Ruth Smith and Marilyn M. Miller. According to the social psychologist, the social comparison theory is the idea that there is a drive within individuals to search for outside images in order to evaluate their own opinions and abilities. According to _________ theory, prejudice may result, at least in part, from the need to increase one's own self-esteem by looking down on others. << 109 0 obj <>stream Jane used ______ when receiving the officer's message. Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. AP Psych Exam - Social Psychology Quiz - Quizizz The E then removed the tray and spools and placed in front of the S a board containing 48 square pegs. . In Sternberg's model, intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present in, The area of the brain that controls aggressive responses is the, Zimbardo's prison experiment lasted only five days because, of the extreme effect it was having on the participants, Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. According to the text, which of the following has not been studied as a cause of aggressive behavior? Some have already been discussed. Sherry H. Priester The "Robber's Cave" experiment showed the value of _____in combating prejudice. 0000000658 00000 n :>"we>WN,}Arj*L^{l"C9](j0xfyK.1^8 jKbE#/`^%]Ply48o~9cw+ecw/j;k`t)# -3ffua0D@~1` cp \nO7uF& o>u$]oK' 2WBxK>rVyRZ 7%M6xdKmUD}],'WpaB2t$t@^K,JLiM 6H] WA@'n. They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as repeatedly. In a classic piece of cognitive dissonance research, researchers assigned students to different sides of a debate about the merits of college football. In Latane and Darley's classic 1969 study, they found that____ of the participants reported the smoke in the room when the two confederates in the room noticed the smoke but then ignored it. The E then paid the S one dollar (twenty dollars), made out a hand-written receipt form, and asked the S to sign it. (Goleman, 1991) Lilly's mother always listens to the classic rock station on her car radio, so Lilly has grown up hearing that music and noticing how much her mother enjoys it. Specifically, subjects were asked to put spools onto and then off the try with the use of only one hand for half an hour, and then for the next half hour, turn square pegs clockwise in quarter turns, and then start all over again once the whole cycle's been finished for all 48 square pegs. As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. It is clear from examining the table that, in all cases, the Twenty Dollar condition is slightly higher The differences are small, however, and only on the rating of "amount of time" does the difference between the two conditions even approach significance. Cognitive dissonance is at the heart of this insidious prejudice, write Berit Brogaard and Dimitria Gatzia. 0000012870 00000 n The experimenter (E) then came in, introducing himself to the S and, together, they walked into the laboratory room where the E said: With no further introduction or explanation the S was shown the first task, which involved putting 12 spools onto a tray, emptying the tray, refilling it with spools, and so on. What happens to a person's private opinion if he is forced to do or say something contrary to that opinion? Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. A bank loan officer thinks people who speak with an accent are lazy; consequently, he refuses to grant them loans. Hence, his cognition of his private belief is dissonant with his cognition concerning his actual public statement. Method In their laboratory experiment, they used 71 male students as participants to perform a series of dull tasks (such as turning pegs in a peg board for an hour). & KING, B.T. Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. Subjects who received $20 had no problem explaining their behavior to themselves. More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. It implies that if you want to change attitudes, all you have to do is change behavior, and the attitudes will follow along. endobj PDF COGNITIVE DISSONANCE - University of Arizona A fraction of the participants (the control group) was thanked and let go after an interview. Maria agreed only to find out after agreeing that teaching such a course also meant that she would have to attend meetings of the honors professors, go to honors- oriented conventions, and take on special advising duties. endstream Festinger, L. (1957). It was explained to them that the Department of Psychology is conducting the study and they are therefore required to serve in the experiments.