the counter reformation was a religious and political movement thatthe counter reformation was a religious and political movement that

[61] She was one of the four executed Quakers known as the Boston martyrs. The reformation wave swept first the Holy Roman Empire, and then extended beyond it to the rest of the European continent. The Reformation (alternatively named the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation) was a major movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and in particular to papal authority, arising from what were perceived to be errors, abuses, and discrepancies by the Catholic Church. Protestant worship services in the local language rather than Latin. An introduction to the Protestant Reformation - Khan Academy [BPSC, 2007] Ans: The Reformation could be described as a religious movement that was directed against the Church of Rome. The 1530 Augsburg Confession concluded that "in doctrine and ceremonies nothing has been received on our part against Scripture or the Church Catholic", and even after the Council of Trent, Martin Chemnitz published the 156573 Examination of the Council of Trent[5] as an attempt to prove that Trent innovated on doctrine while the Lutherans were following in the footsteps of the Church Fathers and Apostles.[6][7]. This established the preconditions for a series of destructive and intermittent conflicts, known as the Wars of Religion. ], the majority of Slovaks (~60%) were Lutherans. Songs such as the Lutheran hymns or the Calvinist Psalter became tools for the spread of Protestant ideas and beliefs, as well as identity flags. Much of the population of the Kingdom of Hungary adopted Protestantism during the 16th century. His desire for an annulment of his marriage was known as the King's Great Matter. 16th-century schism in Western Christianity, Political situation in Germany about 1560, Religious situation in Germany and Europe about 1560, The New Testament translated by Enzinas, published in, For an example of Reformation history in the Radical Reformation Tradition, see. [4] The end of the Reformation era is disputed among modern scholars. [a] Due to the reform efforts of Hus and other Bohemian reformers, Utraquist Hussitism was acknowledged by the Council of Basel and was officially tolerated in the Crown of Bohemia, although other movements were still subject to persecution, including the Lollards in England and the Waldensians in France and Italian regions. Northern Europe, with the exception of most of Ireland, came under the influence of Protestantism. Sacramental theology was simplified and attempts at imposing Aristotelian epistemology were resisted. The early Reformation in Germany mostly concerns the life of Martin Luther until he was excommunicated by Pope Leo X on 3 January 1521, in the bull Decet Romanum Pontificem. In 1620, the Battle of White Mountain defeated Protestants in Bohemia (now the Czech Republic) who sought to have the 1609 Letter of Majesty upheld. The pace of the Reformation proved unstoppable by 1520. Between 1530 and 1540, Protestantism in Spain was still able to gain followers clandestinely, and in cities such as Seville and Valladolid adherents would secretly meet at private houses to pray and study the Bible. In 1658 the Polish Brethren were forced to leave the country. There was also a growing party of reformers who were imbued with the Calvinistic, Lutheran and Zwinglian doctrines then current on the Continent. [citation needed]. Higher capability in reading, numeracy, essay writing, and history. An important component of the Catholic Reformation in Poland was education. Lollardy was suppressed and became an underground movement, so the extent of its influence in the 1520s is difficult to assess. In 1558 the Transylvanian Diet of Turda decreed the free practice of both the Catholic and Lutheran religions, but prohibited Calvinism. Counter-Reformation - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [16] The Council of Constance confirmed and strengthened the traditional medieval conception of church and empire. Pope Innocent X declared the treaty "null, void, invalid, iniquitous, unjust, damnable, reprobate, inane, empty of meaning and effect for all times" in his apostolic brief Zelo Domus Dei. [89] The Catholic House of Habsburg and its allies fought against the Protestant princes of Germany, supported at various times by Denmark, Sweden and France. Through German trade connections, many young Icelanders studied in Hamburg. This Catholic reform movement is called the Counter-Reformation. Emily Michael, "John Wyclif on body and mind", Rubin, "Printing and Protestants" Review of Economics and Statistics pp. 7.11: Reformation and Counter-Reformation - Humanities LibreTexts Many Hussites thus declared themselves Lutherans. Transylvania in what is today's Romania was a "dumping ground for undesirables" by the Habsburg monarchy. In the first decade of the Reformation, Luther's message became a movement, and the output of religious pamphlets in Germany was at its height. Southern Europe remained predominantly Catholic apart from the much-persecuted Waldensians. However, in the city of Dublin the Reformation took hold under the auspices of George Browne, Archbishop of Dublin. Who were some of the key figures of the Reformation? The Orthodox Period, also termed the, Christians living in principalities where their denomination was. Some[who?] Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. Columbia Southern University Protestantism in England - Studypool The end of the sale of indulgences. Each year drew new theologians to embrace the Reformation and participate in the ongoing, European-wide discussion about faith. Gudziak, Borys A. . The counter-reformation was introduced in Europe to weaken the Protestant Reformation and rebuild the power of the Catholic Church through education, clergy reform, and spreading of the Catholic faith. About one person in seventy-five was part of the Church, as a priest, monk, nun, or member of a lay order. Two churches with Hussite roots are now the second and third biggest churches among the largely agnostic peoples: Czech Brethren (which gave origin to the international church known as the Moravian Church) and the Czechoslovak Hussite Church. During Reformation-era confessionalization, Western Christianity adopted different confessions (Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican, Anabaptist, Unitarian, etc.). [9] Some crypto-Protestants have been identified as late as the 19th century after immigrating to Latin America.[10]. The Reformation impacted the Western legal tradition. The Reformation in western and central Europe officially began in 1517 with Martin Luther and his 95 Theses. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2018. [citation needed], Luther and his followers did not see these theological developments as changes. The Church was omnipresent in early-modern European society. The Counter-Reformation Movement While the Protestants largely removed public art from religion and moved towards a more "secular" style of art, embracing the concept of glorifying God through depictions of nature, the Counter-Reformation Catholic Church promoted art with "sacred" or religious content. He was raised to the rank of a cardinal in 1565 and a year later was made bishop of Bologna. World Civilization Chapter 5 - The Counter-Re, The Counter Reformation, Chapter 1, Section 7, Literature and Philosophy of the Renaissance, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Nurs418: Atrioventricular Blocks and Pacemake, ACE Health and Wellness Coach Practice Test, Nursing Management of Hypertension NURS 4554. Which leader restored the Church of England? Friction with the pope over the latter's interference in Swedish ecclesiastical affairs led to the discontinuance of any official connection between Sweden and the papacy since 1523. On August 24, 1572, in the midst of celebrations of a marriage between a Catholic princess and. Notable reformers included Dr. Juan Gil and Juan Prez de Pineda who subsequently fled and worked alongside others such as Francisco de Enzinas to translate the Greek New Testament into the Spanish language, a task completed by 1556. He dramatised Luther's views on the relationship between the Old and New Testaments, while remaining mindful of Luther's careful distinctions about proper and improper uses of visual imagery. When Henry died he was succeeded by his Protestant son Edward VI, who, through his empowered councillors (with the King being only nine years old at his succession and fifteen at his death) the Duke of Somerset and the Duke of Northumberland, ordered the destruction of images in churches, and the closing of the chantries. [59] Between 1535 and 1540, under Thomas Cromwell, the policy known as the Dissolution of the Monasteries was put into effect. Jews and Heretics in Catholic Poland: A Beleaguered Church in the Post-Reformation Era. The study argues that these social ties contributed more to the Reformation's early breakthroughs than the printing press. During the Reformation era, Moldova was repeatedly invaded. Founded in 1538, the university was situated in an area of Eastern Hungary under Ottoman Turkish rule during the 1600s and 1700s, being allowed Islamic toleration and thus avoiding Counter-Reformation persecution. Updates? Cities that had higher numbers of students enrolled in heterodox universities and lower numbers enrolled in orthodox universities were more likely to adopt Protestantism. Regensburg Article 5 on Justification The Early Reformation in Europe Historical Dictionary of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation The Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland, and England 1541-1588 The Career of Cardinal Giovanni Morone (1509-1580) Believe, Obey, Fight Fruits of Migration Venice's Hidden Enemies The Road from Eden The Habsburgs, who ruled Spain, Austria, the Crown of Bohemia, Hungary, Slovene Lands, the Spanish Netherlands and much of Germany and Italy, were staunch defenders of the Catholic Church. For example, author Hans Hillerbrand estimated a total Protestant population of 833,457,000 in 2004. This was a debate over the Christian religion. Movements had been made towards a Reformation prior to Martin Luther, so some Protestants, such as Landmark Baptists, and the tradition of the Radical Reformation prefer to credit the start of the Reformation to reformers such as Arnold of Brescia, Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, Jan Hus, Petr Chelick, and Girolamo Savonarola. While in the middle of the 16th century the nobility mostly sent their sons abroad for education (the new German Protestant universities were important in this regard), by the mid-1600s the nobility mostly stayed home for education. [28] Although the surviving proportion of the European population that rebelled against Catholic, Lutheran and Zwinglian churches was small, Radical Reformers wrote profusely and the literature on the Radical Reformation is disproportionately large, partly as a result of the proliferation of the Radical Reformation teachings in the United States. Executions ceased in 1661 when King Charles II explicitly forbade Massachusetts from executing anyone for professing Quakerism. The Deluge, a 20-year period of almost continual warfare, marked the turning point in attitudes. Eire, Carlos M. N. "Calvin and Nicodemism: A Reappraisal". Bagchi, David, and David C. Steinmetz, eds. Stefania Tutino - Empire of Souls - Robert Bellarmine and The Christian Through their education, many nobles became appreciative of Catholicism or out-right converted. [citation needed], Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Treasury of Merit had no foundation in the Bible. A separate Protestant community, of the Lutheran faith, existed in the newly conquered province of Alsace, its status not affected by the Edict of Fontainebleau. [citation needed]. Reformation - The Spiritual Life Each state which turned Protestant had their own reformers who contributed towards the Evangelical faith. The presence of bishoprics made the adoption of Protestantism less likely. In Knigsberg (now Kaliningrad), in 1530, a Polish-language edition of Luther's Small Catechism was published. Four religions were declared to be "accepted" (recepta) religions (the fourth being Unitarianism, which became official in 1583 as the faith of the only Unitarian king, John II Sigismund Zpolya, r. 15401571), while Eastern Orthodox Christianity was "tolerated" (though the building of stone Orthodox churches was forbidden). Write the letter of the choice that gives the sentence a meaning that is closest to the original sentence. involved the creation of new practices and policies in the Catholic Church. The Counter-Reformation Flashcards | Quizlet This document outlined Luther's grievances with the Catholic Church, including their sale of indulgences, their corruption, and their lack of scriptural authority. This "Elizabethan Religious Settlement" largely formed Anglicanism into a distinctive church tradition. Despite these wars against Protestant, Orthodox, and Muslim neighbours, the Confederation of Warsaw held with one notable exception. Counter-Reformation It resulted in the creation of a branch of Christianity called Protestantism, a name used collectively to refer to the many religious groups that separated from the Roman Catholic Church due to differences in doctrine. Not only was the Church highly aggressive in seeking out and suppressing heresy, but there was a shortage of Protestant leadership. PDF {EBOOK} The Early Reformation On The Continent Oxford History Of The Ultimately Pope Clement VII refused the petition; consequently it became necessary for the King to assert his lordship over the church in his realm to give legal effect to his wishes. Reformer Adolf Clarenbach was burned at the stake near Cologne in 1529. Elton, Geoffrey R. and Andrew Pettegree, eds. Most current estimates place the world's Protestant population in the range of 800 million to more than 1billion. Long-standing resentment between the German states and the Swiss Confederation led to heated debate over how much Zwingli owed his ideas to Lutheranism. Higher public spending on schooling and better educational performance of military conscripts. He would later in the period 15171521 write works on devotion to Virgin Mary, the intercession of and devotion to the saints, the sacraments, mandatory clerical celibacy, and later on the authority of the pope, the ecclesiastical law, censure and excommunication, the role of secular rulers in religious matters, the relationship between Christianity and the law, good works, and monasticism. The Puritans persecuted those of other religious faiths,[60] for example, Anne Hutchinson was banished to Rhode Island during the Antinomian Controversy and Quaker Mary Dyer was hanged in Boston for repeatedly defying a Puritan law banning Quakers from the colony. The council created a new administrative system to stop corruption and unfair practices within the Catholic Church. Both Luther and Calvin thought along lines linked with the theological teachings of Augustine of Hippo. Even though the majority of the nobility were Catholic circa 1700, Protestants remained in these lands and pockets of Protestantism could be found outside the German-speaking lands of the former PolishLithuanian Commonwealth into the 20th century. Ottoman incursions decreased conflicts between Protestants and Catholics, helping the Reformation take root. The term Reformation refers to a great religious reform movement in Europe during the 16th century. While the Anabaptist movement enjoyed popularity in the region in the early decades of the Reformation, Calvinism, in the form of the Dutch Reformed Church, became the dominant Protestant faith in the country from the 1560s onward. Unrest due to the Great Schism of Western Christianity (13781416) excited wars between princes, uprisings among the peasants, and widespread concern over corruption in the Church, especially from John Wycliffe at Oxford University and from Jan Hus at the Charles University in Prague. [58] In 1534, the Act of Supremacy recognised Henry as "the only Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England". At that time, Mennonites and Czech Brothers came to Poland. The Wars of the Reformation began with the Knights' Revolt of 1522-1523, followed by the German Peasants' Revolt in 1524-1525, the Eighty Years' War in 1566-1648, the French Wars of Religion . [65] The ban was revoked in 1681 by the English-appointed governor Edmund Andros, who also revoked a Puritan ban on festivities on Saturday nights. For these intellectuals, the historical quest was thus part of a quest to locate national interests within the broader political and religious changes that took place in Europe, and in Germany in particular. Though not personally interested in religious reform, Francis I (reigned 15151547) initially maintained an attitude of tolerance, in accordance with his interest in the humanist movement. Some Protestants left Italy and became outstanding activists of the European Reformation, mainly in the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth (e.g. The Reformation has been credited as a key factor in the formation of transnational advocacy movements. Czech reformer and university professor Jan Hus (c. 13691415) became the best-known representative of the Bohemian Reformation and one of the forerunners of the Protestant Reformation. The wars only concluded when Henry IV, himself a former Huguenot, issued the Edict of Nantes (1598), promising official toleration of the Protestant minority, but under highly restricted conditions. As a result, some of them lived as crypto-Protestants, also called Nicodemites, contrary to the urging of John Calvin, who wanted them to live their faith openly. In 1563, the Brest Bible was published (see also Bible translations into Polish). One famous incident illustrating this was when radical Zwinglians fried and ate sausages during Lent in Zurich city square by way of protest against the Church teaching of good works. After the expulsion of its Bishop in 1526, and the unsuccessful attempts of the Berne reformer Guillaume (William) Farel, Calvin was asked to use the organisational skill he had gathered as a student of law to discipline the "fallen city" of Geneva. The Peace of Augsburg was later broken by, The Counter-Reformation was a religious and political movement that. German princes and the Holy Roman Emperor. The former settled in the Vistula Delta where they used their agricultural abilities to turn parts of the delta into plodders. Historians began to concentrate on the values, beliefs and behavior of the people at large. Depending on the country, the Reformation had varying causes and different backgrounds and also unfolded differently than in Germany. Luther survived after being declared an outlaw due to the protection of Elector Frederick the Wise. Jesuits Role In The Counter-Reformation | ipl.org - Internet Public Library Various interpretations emphasise different dates, entire periods, or argue that the Reformation never really ended. This assertion of civic independence was the context of Calvin's invitation to Geneva, and many of Calvin's reforms and his growing influence sparked resistance within Geneva's . French Protestantism, though its appeal increased under persecution, came to acquire a distinctly political character, made all the more obvious by the conversions of nobles during the 1550s. Under Philip II, conservatives in the Spanish church tightened their grip, and those who refused to recant such as Rodrigo de Valer were condemned to life imprisonment. In particular, the Thirty Years' War (16181648) devastated much of Germany, killing between 25% and 40% of its entire population. Lutheranism gained a significant following in the eastern half of present-day Austria, while Calvinism was less successful. The Diet of Worms of May 1521 condemned Luther and officially banned citizens of the Holy Roman Empire from defending or propagating his ideas. The Reformation, which began in Germany but spread quickly throughout Europe, was initiated in response to the growing sense of corruption and administrative abuse in the church. G. Reformation and Counter Reformation Print section Reformers of different kindsincluding John Wycliffe, John Huss (Jan Hus), and Girolamo Savonaroladenounced the moral laxity and financial corruption that had infected the church "in its members and in its head" and called for radical change. The counter reformation was a religious and political movement that They condemned what they saw as Protestant errors. Key events of the period include: Diet of Worms (1521), formation of the Lutheran Duchy of Prussia (1525), English Reformation (1529 onwards), the Council of Trent (154563), the Peace of Augsburg (1555), the excommunication of Elizabeth I (1570), Edict of Nantes (1598) and Peace of Westphalia (1648). It was made possible by a revolution against French hegemony under the regime of the regent Mary of Guise, who had governed Scotland in the name of her absent daughter Mary, Queen of Scots (then also Queen of France). Giorgio Biandrata, Bernardino Ochino, Giovanni Alciato, Giovanni Battista Cetis, Fausto Sozzini, Francesco Stancaro and Giovanni Valentino Gentile), who propagated Nontrinitarianism there and were chief instigators of the movement of Polish Brethren. The council created a new administrative system to stop corruption and unfair practices within the Catholic Church. The Peace of Augsburg ended the conflict between. The German Prince Philip of Hesse saw potential in creating an alliance between Zwingli and Luther, seeing strength in a united Protestant front. Reformation, The | Catholic Answers Geneva. [citation needed]. This unit introduces three religious-based reform movements: Protestantism in mainland Europe, Protestantism in England, and the Catholic Counter-Reformation, as well as the subsequent violence they caused. Andrew P. Klager, "Ingestion and Gestation: Peacemaking, the Lord's Supper, and the Theotokos in the Mennonite-Anabaptist and Eastern Orthodox Traditions", Birgit Stolt, "Luther's Translation of the Bible. Luxembourg, a part of the Spanish Netherlands, remained Catholic during the Reformation era because Protestantism was illegal until 1768. Austria followed the same pattern as the German-speaking states within the Holy Roman Empire, and Lutheranism became the main Protestant confession among its population. The Reformation in Scotland's case culminated ecclesiastically in the establishment of a church along reformed lines, and politically in the triumph of English influence over that of France. [35] The publication of Luther's Bible was a decisive moment in the spread of literacy in early modern Germany,[31] and stimulated as well the printing and distribution of religious books and pamphlets. [21] Some nuns, such as Katharina von Bora and Ursula of Munsterberg, left the monastic life when they accepted the Reformation, but other orders adopted the Reformation, as Lutherans continue to have monasteries today. [57] Von Mervitz seized a monastery in Viey with the help of his sheriff, Dietrich of Minden, and his soldiers. During the 1520s, the Spanish Inquisition had created an atmosphere of suspicion and sought to root out any religious thought seen as suspicious. During the Thirty Years' War, Royal (Habsburg) Hungary joined the Catholic side, until Transylvania joined the Protestant side. In 1536, following his victory in the Count's War, he became king as Christian III and continued the Reformation of the state church with assistance from Johannes Bugenhagen. [92][93][e] Protestants have developed their own culture, with major contributions in education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy and the arts and many other fields. Although Protestantism triumphed relatively easily in Scotland, the exact form of Protestantism remained to be determined. The Counter-Reformation involved the creation of new practices and policies in the Catholic Church as it was a religious movement that was politically motivated. On the eve of the Protestant Reformation, Christianity held the predominant position within the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and Catholicism received preferential treatment at the expense of the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox. [53] During his reign, Lutheranism made significant inroads among the Danish population. Between 1604 and 1711, there was a series of anti-Habsburg uprisings calling for equal rights and freedom for all Christian denominations, with varying success; the uprisings were usually organised from Transylvania. It could be considered to end with the enactment of the confessions of faith. Prior to the Protestant Reformation, pretty much everyone in Europe was a Roman Catholic. Why the Reformation is About Much More than Religion Following the excommunication of Luther and condemnation of the Reformation by the Pope, the work and writings of John Calvin were influential in establishing a loose consensus among various churches in Switzerland, Scotland, Hungary, Germany and elsewhere. A. worked to spread the ideas and teachings of John Calvin across Europe. The first Protestant congregation was founded in Brest-Litovsk in the Reformed tradition, and the Belarusian Evangelical Reformed Church exists today. After the Peace of Augsburg, which religion was officially recognized in many German states? John Knox is regarded as the leader of the Scottish reformation. In 1588, the Bishop of Llandaff published the entire Bible in the Welsh language. He was asked to recant (to disavow) his writings at the Diet of Worms (an unfortunate name for a council held by the Holy Roman Emperor in the German city of Worms). Choose one of these movements and discuss the influence of political, spiritual, or cultural aspects of the movement as well as any subsequent strife (warfare and other forms of violence). The king was given possession of all church property, church appointments required royal approval, the clergy were subject to the civil law, and the "pure Word of God" was to be preached in the churches and taught in the schoolseffectively granting official sanction to Lutheran ideas. [12] In 1374, Catherine of Siena began travelling with her followers throughout northern and central Italy advocating reform of the clergy and advising people that repentance and renewal could be done through "the total love for God. The term Counter-Reformationdenotes the period of Catholicrevival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IVin 1560 to the close of the Thirty Years' War, 1648. Simul justus et peccator implied that although people could improve, no one could become good enough to earn forgiveness from God. Reformation, Counter-Reformation, and the Modern Period It covered the following five areas: Doctrine (ideology) Ecclesiastical or Structural Reconfiguration. The Presbyterians eventually won control of the Church of Scotland, which went on to have an important influence on Presbyterian churches worldwide, but Scotland retained a relatively large Episcopalian minority.[69]. Teter, Magda. Lucas Cranach the Elder (14721553), the great painter patronised by the electors of Wittenberg, was a close friend of Luther, and he illustrated Luther's theology for a popular audience. The Kingdom of Navarre, although by the time of the Protestant Reformation a minor principality territoriality restricted to southern France, had French Huguenot monarchs, including Henry IV of France and his mother, Jeanne III of Navarre, a devout Calvinist. Kooi, Christine. These Puritan separatists were also known as "the Pilgrims". The Counter-Reformation was the label for the Roman Catholic revival of the sixteenth century.