syllable stress calculatorsyllable stress calculator

The syllables help in creating the rhythm of the language. To my own simple knowledge of syllable and stress, I think when counting where stress is placed in any word we count from right to left not from left to right. Take`these. Demonstrative pronouns are not stressed as a definition:Thatorangeis`ripe. The stress change also changes the part of speech of the word. When a word functions as both a noun and a verb, in what way are they often distinguished in speech? . English words ending in ous with 4 syllables usually have their stress on the second syllable (e.g. In other words, an incorrectly placed stress changes the sound of the word, which means it makes it difficult to understand. Words ending in ation will stress the a, instead of their root (e.g. As we said already, though, there are many exceptions to this convention for both nouns and adjectives. - stress syllable (hndle). It Helps a lot.. Can you suggest me a song which its lyrics has syllables and pattern? We then calculate word frequency using the data from Project Gutenberg which is a large collection of freely available english documents and summing the counts for all variations of the word corresponding to the same stem. always, result, malt, belt, reproduce, peace, lice, pierce, understand, permit (noun), to permit (verb), vomit. All these words are also nouns could this be why they are pronounced on their first syllable? For example, if an open syllable is under stress, then the vowel in it is read as it is called in the alphabet: cucumber [kju: kmb] the stress falls on the first syllable. The words in your question (caption, amuse and image) are not bound morphemes because they can stand alone as words in their own right. Other examples of this: announce announcement, disappoint disappointment, commit commitment, develop development. This means that, compared to the other ones, the vowel sound of that syllable will be slightly: louder, longer, at a higher pitch. Compound adjectives and verbs have the stress on the second part: Stress the most important words in the sentence. The necessary words in an English sentence are stressed more by increasing the length and clarity of the vowel sound. For both, the primary stress is placed on the syllable immediately before -ic-. For example: While this pattern of pronunciation is very reliable, there are a few words (mostly nouns) ending in -ic that go against it: This suffix is used to form verbs, most often from existing nouns or adjectives. English words that are polysyllabic (have more than one syllable) always have one syllable that is stressed. You can also create the letter e with an acute accent using the shortcut keys Alt + 0233. Syllable stress. Hi Ralphael, glad you found the page helpful. You may find this useful in checking syllables while writing poems, haiku, sonnet etc or use this as a tool to assist in learning or teaching English grammar and syllables. Compound nouns are usually made up of two nouns or an adjective and a noun, but other combinations are also possible, as well. Another example of an English word changing meaning depending on where you place the stress is the word project. Hats off to your dedication !!! Hi Sasha, the words in your list are stressed as follows (stress in bold): This can be the noun when the stressed syllable is at the start project (a task). Please admin do we have five syllable words that have their stress on the fifth syllable? 12-Verbs with adverbs-postpositions with two equal stress: to `sit` down, to `stand` up, to `go` on, to `turn` off, to `come` back, to `think` over, to `find` out, to `look` through, to` do a`way. Your email address will not be published. So if there are 3 syllables in total, it will be on the first syllable e.g. Its worth noting that prefixes and suffixes will always add a syllable (e.g. Bewilderment also follows this pattern it is stressed on the second syllable (wil) because the base word is bewilder. In English, polysyllabic words (with 4, 5 or more syllables) have, as a rule, two, less often three stresses, one of which is the main one and is indicated by an icon at the top of the stressed syllable, the other is secondary, which is placed at the bottom of the stressed syllable : , demon`stration demo . English word stress can be on any syllable in a multi-syllable word - the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th or 5th syllable! Im sorry you didnt find the information you needed Felix. Compound nouns have the stress on the first part: e.g. For example: The cat sat on the mat while eating its favourite food. ),In the meaning of any - it is striking(Givemeanybook,\ please ). Thanks for your message Lorkyaa. Home | Other Resources | Privacy Policy | Contact. Only the vowel sound within a syllable is stressed; stress is not applied to consonant sounds. That means that one syllable is said LOUDER or with extra emphasis than the other syllables in the word (assuming of course that the word has more than one syllable). For example: drive (1 syllable) becomes driving (2 syllables) and moisturise (3 syllables) becomes moisturising (4 syllables). In the word government the stress is on the first syllable: government. These prefixes remainunstressed : 1-consoles with a negative value (un-, in-, dis-, non-). Specifically, the written form divides syllables according to established syllable types, based on spelling patterns such as double consonants, short vowels contained within two consonants, and vowel digraphs. Hi Adebola, Catherine. B1-B2. WordCalc.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Well, you've come to the right place! Finally, well look at some suffixes that dont affect a words pronunciation at all. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'wordcalc_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_2',104,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-wordcalc_com-medrectangle-4-0');Syllables and the wider science of speech sounds is a very complex area, and brings plenty of challenges. Lets look at a few examples of such words that change in pronunciation when functioning as nouns or verbs: Meaning: a game, competition, or struggle for victory, superiority, a prize, etc., Meaning: to dispute, contend with, call into question, or fight against, Meaning: a place where few things can grow or live, especially due to an absence of water, Meaning: to abandon, forsake, or run away from, Meaning: the act or process of growing larger or becoming greater, Meaning: to grow larger or become greater (in size, amount, strength, etc. Syllable Counter is a simple and free online tool that can be used for counting the total number of syllables in a word or sentence. Academic follows the ic rule. Stress patterns affect words and sentences in English. How are they stressed. All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. Structural words, such as conjunctions and prepositions, are rarely stressed. stress mark falls on the third syllable from the end if counting backward, these words end with the following; ate, ty, cy, gy. If you're needing to know the syllable count for one word, or a passage of text, you've got it. It really helped us. This year we went on an excursion to New York for thefirsttime. this is great and really helpful. Stress models are set up by considering syllable structure and position of the syllable in a phrase, which will provide diagnostic information for students. Update: If youre a regular user of this site, you may have noticed some changes in overall design and some additional features, feel free to send me any feedback or report any errors. The stressed word in the sentence is the one we should pay the most attention to. Just 5 minutes a day will significantly change your pronunciation for the better. Can any other teachers offer insight into this adjective/noun relationship when it comes to word stress? Divide calculation into syllables: cal-cu-la-tion Primary syllable stress: cal-cu-la-tion Secondary syllable stress: cal-cu-la-tion How to pronounce calculation: kal-kyuh-ley-shun How to say calculation: pronounce syllables in calculation Cite This Source Learn a New Word Wondering why calculation is 4 syllables? For example, in the word incredible, the . Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free Dictionary. Are you trying to figure out pronunciation, or find rhyming words for a poem or song? In words ending with a suffix like -ion , the stress falls on the syllable immediately preceding it. The other syllables tend to be spoken quickly. A good way to practise the syllables and patterns of the English language is to use nursery rhymes and childrens songs. How to divide handle into syllables - Handle. What is a syllable? Syllable Dictionary; a reference guide for how to count & find syllables, learning how to pronounce words, and finding synonyms & rhymes. For example: This book is for me and you can sound sound like This book is for me un(d) you. This year we went on anexcursionto New York for the first time. How many syllables do you need to separate? The word or sentence might be grammatically correct, but if they have used the wrong (or an unexpected) stress pattern or the wrong stressed syllables, it could make it unintelligible to a native. Too Many Syllables 1 syllable Divide two into syllables: two Syllable stress: two How to a list of 20 cute one-syllable boy names: Beau (French) - Handsome Bram (Hebrew) Do My Homework Can you give me a list of 2-syllable words that are nouns when stressed on the first syllable and verbs when stressed on the second? Stress is placed on syllable immediately before the suffix -eous and -ious -ia -ial -ic and -ical -ify -ity -tion and -sion. Some examples of exceptions are: open to open (verb) and an open book (adjective); better to better (verb, to better something means to improve on it) and a better book (adjective); baby to baby (someone) (verb, meaning to pamper/mollycoddle) and a baby sparrow (adjective) The right Alt key (sometimes marked Alt Gr) can create this accent when pressed with the e key. Stress in phonetics, Inlinguistics, and particularly inphonology,emphasisoraccentis the relative emphasis or prominence given to a, Vocal cord dysphonia Vocal cord dysphoniais a problem caused bymisuse of the voice, often due, Language Production Language production, the ability to speak is a distinctive and enigmatic characteristic of, All Rights Reserved | View Non-AMP Version, ow to find the stressed syllable in a word?, Learn to read English for beginners reading consonant vowel, Phonetic sounds of English alphabets vowels consonants, Vocal cord dysphonia treatment/Symptoms/how long it last, Language production definition and process involved production. Hi Remi, yes the stress falls on da in accommodation but it falls on the second syllable (co) in accommodate. Use this Descriptive Statistics Calculator to enter the sample data below and get such as the mean, median, mode, variance, standard deviation, range What customers say Joseph Mason Built in features like the camera and easy to understand buttons make life for me, being a mathematics student so much easier. English is full of exceptions unfortunately, but some simple tips include: God bless you rabbi ..I really wish I am in your college. Usually it has a reduced form and does not strike the adverbtherein the introductory constructionthereis\thereare:Therearesome`sweetsontheplate. Celebrities? Abstract A growing body of literature suggests that the world's languages can be classified into three rhythm classes: mora-timed languages, stress-timed languages, and syllable-timed languages. For example: This suffix attaches to adjectives or nouns to form nouns referring to state, condition, or quality, or rank or office. For example: Unlike some of the other suffixes weve looked at so far, this one has a number of exceptions. super, Words ending in cy, ty, gy and al always place their stress on the third from last syllable. Such an abbreviated form is pronounced together with the preceding word, after a voiceless consonant as [s], after a voiced consonant as [z]. Where does primary stress usually occur in words ending with the suffix -ate? We're working on expanding this feature. Stressing the seventh word chocolate emphases that it was not your chocolate he ate he ate something else belonging to you. In order to get an accurate frequency count of each word, we utilize a stemmer to identify the morphological root form of a word. A number of words in the English language, unlike Russian, retains full vowel quality in an unstressed syllable, for example: google translate and , Adverb , the handwork , forward , football , prospect , schoolgirl , schoolboy , sunrise , Pronoun , etc . But in your analysis I discovered you counted from left hand side to right hand side which is ought not to be. This pronunciation and listening activity practises syllable stress. In fact, almost every verb beginning with, As we saw previously, we commonly place stress on the first syllable of a noun. This is the syllable that receives the primary word stress. Stressing the conjunction and helps us understand this meaning. English syllables are stress-timed. Words ending in OR usually denote a property of something or someone. You should enter the sentences line by line, to display syllable count for each line as well. Determining Word Rank The word rank metric is a measure of word frequency, with frequent words corresponding to higher ranks. Three syllable words stress patterns: Fantastic, energy, expensive, aggresion, wonderful, laughable, badminton, celery, temptation, trampoline, industry, dintinguished, financial, however, tremendous, library Four syllable words stress patterns: Right now this tool only works in English, but more languages are coming! You might also our articles on Phonology and Speaking/Listening skills , hi NEW at The Free Dictionary: Wordle Word Finder! Hi, what are relationship between syllables and stress in English language. ugly-`looking,` badly-`made, `fair-`haired,` broad-`shouldered, `hard-` working, `absent-`minded,` ill-`shaped, ` medium-`sized, `kind-`hearted. Words ending in ous with 2 syllables have their stress on the first syllable (e.g. debtor, sailor, author, actor, tractor, terror, error, mirror, major, tenor, donor, sensor), these nearly always have the stress on the first syllable. the cat). We come to recognise these English syllables and stress patterns in conversations in real life interactions and on the radio and television. For example: He cooked chicken and beef for dinner here the most important aspect of the sentence is not that he cooked dinner (that information is expected or already known by the listener), but that he cooked both meats. It can also be used when talking about presenting a TV or radio show (i.e. Here are the words you requested with the stressed syllable highlighted: Hi Olakunle, thanks for your question. Where is the stressed syllable in the word TRIBALISM? A compound noun is a noun consisting of two or more words working together as a single unit to name a person, place, or thing. But when the word is pronounced present (with the stress on the second syllable) the word is now a verb meaning to introduce something or someone, to show or to bring to ones attention. Examples: PREsent = a gift ( noun ); non past or future ( adjective) preSENT = to give something to someone ( verb) OBject = something you can see and touch ( noun) This is because ment is used here as a suffix and does not change the stress of the original word (govern government). Another important point: in fluent speech, sometimes stress helps to distinguish similar words. Ment is often used as a suffix like this to change a verb into a noun, but the new word will always follow its original stress rule the ment is never stressed. Step 3. When the word is pronounced object (with a stress on the first syllable) the word is a noun meaning an item, purpose or person/thing that is the focus of a sentence. And please can you mention some of the words? thereas a circumstance of place is not reduced:Thereareafew`flowersthere. The article a as a single word is also unstressed and reduced in this way to a weak uh sound. Some longer words also receive a. Ifthere is no nounaftersome, the pronoun is stressed:Somelike/coffee,otherslike`tea. There may be a time when you'd like to form or divide a word or group of words into syllables and count the number of syllables in a word or text. Hi Vivian, the word investigation has 5 syllables and the stress is placed on the 4th syllable: investigation. When a word has more than one syllable, a single syllable within the word is given more emphasis than any of the other syllables. In modern English, there are a large number of words with various prefixes that have partially or completely lost their meaning. Alternatively, an unstressed syllable is a part of a word that you say with less emphasis than the stressed syllable (s). The last sentence would have this stress pattern: the principal advised the students at assembly. Thanks for your question. Fight? thanks to this. He might have eaten your chocolate, but I didnt say it. Making stress on English words and sentences is very important as stress whether on words or sentences changes the meaning of the utterance. Academic has a stress on the second syllable and academic has a stress on the second to last symbol. Stress placement affects the whole understanding of the English language. Hi Sara, The vowel sound of the stressed syllable is emphasized by being pronounced longer, louder, and often at a higher . I am missing something out. It is said more clearly -The vowel sound is purer. Depending on the word, the // or /t/ sounds made by -tion and the // or // sounds made by -sion will be part of the stressed syllable or the final unstressed syllable. its a very mature approach to use the technique of stress. i really love this. Examples: Hotel [hotel] Comer [to eat] Trabajador [hard-working] 3. Contact Us ! For example: Is there a shop nearby? sounds like Is there-uh shop nearby? This shwa can also be heard in other instances, such as in the word and when it is used in a sentence. How do I explain that the middle syllable of academy is stressed? The difference is all in the extra e. You might also find our pages on intonation and rhythm of English useful. Now that we have reviewed the various sounds of English, we must discuss syllable and word stress or another way to put it, the rhythm of English.It is important to keep in mind that English is a time-stressed language.As opposed to Spanish, which is a syllable-timed language in which an equal amount of time is given to each syllable, English adjusts the timing of stressed and unstressed . Stress retains its original place in words formed with suffixes and endings:-ly, -ful, -less, -nees, -ism, -ing, -er, -or, (e) d, (e) sPrefixes (prefixes) are most often found in verbs and adjectives, in adverbs and prepositions. Hello Tope, glad you found the article useful! metaphor, monitor, senior). Compare the first and last vowel sounds with the stressed sound. Thanks for your question. Let's take a closer look at each one. This leads to sounds that are not clear (muted) on unstressed syllables. A dotted line {{unichar|2E3D|VERTICAL SIX DOTS}} is sometimes seen instead.|group=note}}, Hi please be so kind to assist me with the following words i need stress pattern for them 4 syllables. 10/10 I used it for my math finals . here the root transform stresses form). This is why it is important to learn how to use word stress in English and develop an understanding of sentence stress and English stress patterns. For example: She bought a big, red car here the adjectives big and red and the noun car would all normally be stressed. Good luck in your language journey! This year we went on an excursion toNew Yorkfor the first time. Both are stressed on the second syllable. Did you have a specific question about syllables and stress you wanted help with? Hi me again can you explain to me about the bound morphemes because i dont understand why they say these words are not examples of bound morphemes . this,that,these,thoseare usually stressed if they are the subject or object in a sentence:Thisisan`apple. The last one is a good example of word stress in sentences. In theory, there are two different way to say . Keep stressed syllables slightly longer, higher in pitch and louder than unstressed syllables. For these verbs, primary stress always occurs on the syllable immediately before -ish. For example: We discussed earlier how words have at least one primary stress centered around a vowel sound; however, this is not always the case. Thanks Catherine, glad i found this article. Thank you for this Great Articleits very helpful. There's nothing like a bit of friendly competition to get the kids interested!if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'wordcalc_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_1',103,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-wordcalc_com-medrectangle-3-0'); Yes our syllable counter is primarily built around the English language. The most important words are the words that are necessary for the meaning of the sentence. Thank you very much for this. This is why syllables and stress patterns in spoken English are so important. So the sentence stress in English makes all the difference to the meaning of the whole sentence. if yes, examples pls. While there are many examples that support this convention, it is also very problematic because there are many exceptions that contradict it. This yearwewent on an excursion to New York for the first time. The word calculate is pronounced calculate with the stress on the first syllable, which is indeed the third from the end! Sentence stress is just as important as word stress for clarity. Hi Michael, these words are stressed as follows (stressed syllables in bold): departmental, synonym, university, structure, culture. Allrightsreserved. They can sound like ubout, uttack and bananuh when spoken by a native English speaker. The most important words hereare: cat, mat, eating and food. In this section, well be using different symbols to indicate syllable division in words. For example: prearrange, rewrite, copying, pencils, Elizabeth`s, stronger, strongest, dangerous. Your third example, alternating stresses the first syllable al, the same as its verb root to alternate. Great job, Youre welcome Sunny, thanks for stopping by . Here we will describe how to find the stressed syllable in a word?. I love teaching and helping people understand more about English hopefully my answers and explanations are useful! Clarify mathematic equation Math can be tricky, but there's always a way to find the answer. We count syllables by counting the number of times a vowel sound is heard in a word. 2009-2023 HowManySyllables. For example, service words (prepositions, conjunctions, particles, articles), pronouns, auxiliary verbs often remain unstressed: Phrasal stress helps to build a kind of rhythm in English speech, because, as a rule, stressed syllables are pronounced at the same interval. Glad you found it useful, Vani! Words ending in sm with 3 or fewer syllables have their stress on the first syllable (e.g. rewriting = re-writ-ing). Thanks. Thank You very Much For this information.. This will follow if the syllabication algorithm (p. 253) automatically assigns the value [stress] to syllables when they When using the International Phonetic Alphabet a period is sometimes used. That syllable is considered to be the stressed syllable. x Put the Last Name First in a List of Names. Compound adjectives, on the other hand, are most often pronounced as two separate words, with each receiving its own primary stress, so we wont be looking at them here. Hi my name is Elizabeth I am confused with the stress placements for these names increase in salary,increase in premium,they contract the dreaded disease at sea,my record was kept in the school,the principal advised the students at assembly. I hope this helps . Compound wordsare single words made up of two distinct parts. Hey Catherine, Thank you so much for such a nice explanation. Where does primary stress usually occur in words ending with the suffix -ic? The adjectives, adverbs and conjunctions all add flavour to the sentence, but they are not absolutely necessary to understand the meaning. gre, He enjoyed writing restaurant reviews it was his current passion. Speak clearly and slowly even without perfect stress patterns, slow and clear voices are much easier to understand. For example, the word, Because this part of the guide is more concerned with the phonetic placement of word stress rather than the technical breakdown of syllables (as found in dictionary entries), the examples we use will try to match the written form as closely as possible to the spoken form. This can lead to some funny misunderstandings and some frustrating conversations! Analyzes words to predict audience familiarity and provide insights as to how the use of the word may affect readability metrics. Im glad the page has helped you learn more about syllables and stress The words in your list are stressed as follows: Suffixes of this type include: i + on, -i + ous, -i + al, -i + an, -i + ant, -i + ance, -i + ent, -i + ence. How about /al-ter-na-ting/? How many syllables in stressed? would u tell me how syllables relates to stress , rhythm, and intonation?? Im glad you found the page useful thanks for stopping by! If you've ever been confused trying to nail down exactly which syllables in a word are stressed, that's probably why. Syllable Counter is a simple and free online tool that can be used for counting the total number of syllables in a word or sentence. In these words, While the stress in many words is very difficult to predict, certain. This is because English consists of two types of words: Lets look at some single-syllable function words that can either be stressed or unstressed in a given sentence: It is not uncommon for English words to have more than one pronunciation even when there is no change in meaning, especially between different regional dialects. Please let us know if you encounter any issue using our free tool - or if you have any suggestions on how we can make this better for you. You have helped me greatly madam, God bless you. The. This also brings more clarity. Here are some common English words with 3 syllables ending in ous and their stress placement: Words ending in ous with stress on first syllable, fabulous, frivolous, glamorous,calculus, dubious, envious, scandalous, serious, tenuous, chivalrous, dangerous, furious, Words ending in ous with stress on second syllable, enormous, audacious, facetious, disastrous,ficticious, horrendous, contagious, ambitious, courageous, Stress can changing the meaning of a word. We count syllables by counting the number of times a vowel sound is heard in a word. The word increase changes its stress placement depending on whether you are using it as as a verb (to increase) or a noun (the/an increase). since I blv the type of English you speak would influence the pronunciation.Which syllable would then be stressed? A 1995 study[1] found that junior high school students were able to recognize between 10,000-12,000 words, whereas college students were able to recognize between 12,000-17,000 words. Looking at the, Every word has one syllable that receives a, Lets look at some examples, with the primary stress in. We may have two levels of stress (stressed syllables and unstressed syllables) or we may have four (primary stress, secondary stress, tertiary stress, and quaternary stress). (Incidentally, the stress for the other words here would be salary and premium) Learning a language is all about communication and being able to make yourself understood. The longer words will usually have the same stress as their root word, though there are exceptions. This year wewenton an excursion to New York for the first time. In our examplesentence: The cat sat on the mat while eating its favourite food, we have already used the word cat so we do not need to emphasise the word its (or he/she if you want to give the cat a gender), because we already know who is eating the food (i.e. A short video tutorial will help you deal with this issue. The stress pattern for these words is as follows: chairperson, probably, sentence, insurance, disintegrate and impossible. Examples: Perro [dog] Calculadora [Calculator] Joven [young] Manzanas [apples] 2. Words ending in ism tend to follow the stress rule for the stem word with the ism tagged onto the end (e.g. In the same way, if a learner pronounces a word differently from the accepted norm, it can be hard fora native speaker to understand the word. caption,amuse,image. Lets look at some examples that support or contradict this convention. In order to improve your pronunciation, focus on pronouncing the stressed syllable clearly. These sets of words are followed by a series of examples using the correct stress placement: The, cold, quite, bed, add, start, hope, clean, trade, green, chair, cat, sign, pea, wish, drive, plant, square, give, wait, law, off, hear, trough, eat, rough, trout, shine, watch, for, out, catch, flight, rain, speech, crab, lion, knot, fixed, slope, reach, trade, light, moon, wash, trend, balm, walk, sew, joke, tribe, brooch, Party, special, today, quiet, orange, partner, table, demand, power, retrieve, doctor, engine, diet, transcribe, contain, cabbage, mountain, humour, defend, spatial, special, greedy, exchange, manage, carpet, although, trophy, insist, tremble, balloon, healthy, shower, verbal, business, mortgage, fashion, hover, butcher, magic, broken, Fantastic, energy, expensive, wonderful, laughable,badminton, idiot, celery, beautiful, aggression, computer, journalist, horrify, gravity, temptation, dieting, trampoline, industry, financial, distinguished, however, tremendous, justify, inflation, creation, injustice, energise, glittering, tangible, mentalise, laughable, dialect, crustacean, origin, Words are made up of syllables image source, Understanding, indecisive,conversation, realistic, moisturising, American, psychology, gregarious, independence, affordable, memorandum, controversial, superior, gymnasium,entrepreneur, traditional, transformation,remembering, establishment, vegetation, affectionate, acupuncture, invertebrate, Organisation, uncontrollable, inspirational, misunderstanding, conversational, opinionated,biological, subordination, determination, sensationalist, refrigerator, haberdashery, hospitality, conservatory, procrastination, disobedience, electrifying, consideration, apologetic,particularly, compartmentalise, hypochondria, Responsibility, idiosyncratic, discriminatory, invisibility, capitalisation, extraterrestrial, reliability, autobiography, unimaginable, characteristically, superiority, antibacterial, disciplinarian, environmentalist, materialism, biodiversity, criminalisation, imaginatively, disobediently, Industrialisation, multiculturalism,interdisciplinary, radioactivity, unidentifiable, environmentalism, individuality, vegetarianism, unsatisfactorily, electrocardiogram.