The first term on the left-hand side of equation 2 (i/c) has a linear relation as a function of the concentration (c in g/cm3), where is the intrinsic viscosity [] is given by (c0) [42, 43]. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 68, 319-329. Saudi Pharm J. Dextrans in Aqueous Solution. Experimental Review on Intrinsic 2013;3(5):3588605. A simple and rapid method for evaluation of MarkHouwinkSaturada constants of linear random coil polysaccharides using molecular weight and intrinsic viscosity determined by high performance size exclusin chromatography: application to guar galactomannan. TdB Labs produce a wide range of FITC-derivatives (490 nm/520 nm) with a mean molecular weight ranging from 4 kDa to 2000 kDa. The range of temperatures used was 25-50 (0.1) C and it was regulated by thermostatic bath Haake C. The viscosity measurements required Hagenbach-Couette correction time (tg 37.31s). Hydrodynamic Macromolecules. There is a deviation from linearity after 580kDa [69, 70]. Mark-Houwink values confirm that for these conditions dextrans behave as rigid spheres with a tendency at compaction as temperature increases. Pamis, R.; Hernndez Cifre, J. G.; Lpez Martnez, M.C. WebTo address this perception, in the current study, FITC-dextran of different MWs (10, 70 and 150 kDa) was used to model the transdermal delivery of low MW biotherapeutics and mAbs with MWs of approximately 150 kDa. Increased TEWL values are evidence of micropores formation. The genus Weissella: taxonomy, ecology and biotechnological potential. RBECs were passaged onto cell culture inserts as described and cultured for a further 714 days in vitro. par | Juil 2, 2022 | mitchell wesley carlson charged | justin strauss net worth | Juil 2, 2022 | mitchell wesley carlson charged | justin strauss net worth and transmitted securely. (1998). Figure 2 shows the classical method for calculating Mark-Houwink parameters, where a linear relation between the intrinsic viscosity and the molecular weight is established for each temperature. Polyelectrolytes as secondary calibration standards for aqueous SEC. In this sense, the largest deviations were obtained for the highest molecular weight (580-2000kDa with values from 0.8467 to 0.7346). The basic setup of a DLS instrument is shown in Figure 1. Molecular weight (M v) and hydrodynamic properties can be calculated from there. ; Dutt, N.V.K. (2007). Doke SK, Dhawale SC. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The Transdermal diffusion cell system was protected from light. Disclaimer. J Appl Toxicol. ; Hogan, M.P. Stokes radius ; Prasad, D.H.L. (1969). It is a measure of the width of molecular weight distributions (MWD) as well as probability of molecular weight distribution curve (GPC). The importance of this type of study lies in the analysis of the polysaccharide behavior at industrial processes, the requirements to reduce energy, avoid flow problems and product quality control. We believe that the microporation device can be used as a potential technique for effective transdermal drug delivery. Salunkhe SS, Bhatia NM, Pokharkar VB, Thorat JD, Bhatia MS. Topical delivery of idebenone using nanostructured lipid carriers: evaluations of sun-protection and anti-oxidant effects. WebIn this regard, we chose as crowding agents a number of polymers with hydrodynamic dimensions comparable to those of iRFP713 in different structural states: polyethylene glycol8,000(PEG-8000)withaneffectivehydrodynamicradiusof24.5 1.9(Devanand & Selser, 1991), Dextran-40 and Dextran-70 with hydrodynamic radius of 44.550 and 5864 , The hydrodynamic radius of 2-NBDG glucose was too small to measure. Accessibility Viswanath, D.S. This low polydispersity realizes that the Mark-Houwink equation is forced at a given Mw regardless of the hyperbranched nature of the dextran molecule. Dynamics of a Polymer Solution in a Rigid Matriz. The numerical value of a indicates that dextrans acquire the shape of a rigid sphere in aqueous solution; and kM-H demonstrates that under water the value decreases with temperature [71, 72]. Radius All authors have consented to the submission of this manuscript for publication. The parameters of Mark-Houwink for polymers can vary with the polymer solution and temperature. Analytes and stationary phase with Universal Calibration Relative Measurement Concentration and MW detector: RI + Viscometer Relationship between hydrodynamic volume (MW*intrinsic viscosity) and elution volume Multiple detection By studying the molecular weights of various solutions of polymer, Solomon-Ciuta arrived at the formula which allowed the calculation of the intrinsic viscosity of polymer solutions by a single viscosity determination. dextran hydrodynamic radius Pavlov, G.M. Chem. Drug Deliv. Elias, Hans-Georg (1975). Armstrong, J. K.; Wenby, R. B.; Meiselman, H. J.; Fisher, T. C. (2004). Actually, everything depends on solvent you want to use and temperature. If you want to know gyration (Rg)or hydrodynamic (Rh) radius, you should Ahn, G.Y., Eo, HS., Kim, D. et al. Many works are aimed at determining molecular weights [1, 7, 26], hydrodynamic radius, among other parameters for characterizing the physics and chemistry properties of dextran in solution. TEWL measurements were performed before and 30min after microporation. In a good solvent, which shows a zero or negative heat of mixing with the polymer, the molecule is less-extended, and the intrinsic viscosity is high. Data File Dextran. The exponent a is a function of polymer geometry, and varies from 0.5 to 2 and exponent is dimensionless. Thomas Gutberlet (Lipoteichoic Acid): Statistiques d'influence The calculated dextran molecular weights are corroborated by those tabulated data by the manufacturer with a relative error lower than 10%, being the exception dextrans 580 and 2000kDa with the highest relative error. Carbohydrate Polymers 88 1440-1444. Hydrodynamic The molecular mass of dextran as determined by the gel filtration and copper bicinchoninate method was approximately, 800 kDa. Transdermal delivery is of great importance for the effective delivery of bioactive or therapeutic agents into a body. Biodegradable dextran hydrogels crosslinked by stereocomplex formation for the controlled release of pharmaceutical proteins. GPC Symp. Regulating dynamic signaling between hematopoietic stem cells The measurements of the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were taken using the Tewameter (Courage-Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany) to evaluate the skin barrier function after microporation. In the case of a poor solvent, a temperature increase causes an increase in entropy and intrinsic viscosity and is favorable for the extended conformation. Dulbeccos Phosphate-Buffered Saline (DPBS) was purchased from Welgene (Gyeongsan, Korea). Schematic illustration of transdermal delivery after the application of the microporation device. dextran hydrodynamic radius 2019;26(1):25261. Google Scholar. Intrinsic viscosity-molecular weight relationship for chitosan. WebThis value is sensible given that i j = 0 and that the search radius of the clustering algorithm is slightly larger than the average segment length of our Dextran model (b 5.5 nm). Hydrodynamic Properties of Tragacanthin. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 27, 795-810. (1954). Ghimici, Luminita; Nichifor, Marieta; Wolf, Bernhard (2009). 8. Progress in Measurement, Interpretation and Application to Structure in Dilute Solution. Transdermal delivery of FITC-Dextrans with different molecular weights using radiofrequency microporation. These results could be attributed to the differences in the in vivo and in vitro skin nutrients supply; with in vivo studies, the skin tissue is supplied nutrients directly from the blood vessels, but the human cadaver skin is supplied from the media, therefore, the skin tissue regeneration efficiency is low [26,27,28]. Webdextran hydrodynamic radius. Learn More. Measurements were made with a Ubbelohde C type suspended level viscometer [57] (IVA, Argentina); with a diameter capillary of 0.81mm and water draining time of 35.89s at 20C, with viscometer constant of 0.027883 mm2/s [58]. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Senti, F. R.; Hellman, N. N.; Ludwig, G.; Babcock, E.; Tobin, R.; Class, C. A., (1955). WebHydrodyamic Radius, R H: In addition to the analytic size of a linear (C=1) chain, the end to end distance, R eted or R 0, and the structural size, the radius or gyration, R g, dynamic measurements yield a size called the hydrodynamic radius, R H. Consider a rod particle of length L=10R where R is the radius. Structural and biocompatibility properties of dextran from Hydrodynamic radii ( RH) were determined by dynamic light scattering. Carbohydrate Research, 160, 205-214. Here we have the hydrodynamic radius estimate for the 3kDa dextran and 1.5 kDa dextran by the Zetasizer calculator, thanks to Alan. Alan F Rawle, t Synthesis of water-soluble and water-insoluble amphiphilic derivatives of dextran in organic medium. J. (2003). (more or less, with a hydrodynamic radius of less than 100 nm) to cross from the vasculature into the interstitium. SEC of mono-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in a wide range of pH, MarkHouwink constants. Pharm Res. Trop J Pharm Res. The qM-H values given by equation 13, these vary from 0.9993 to 0.9841 for the range between 8.8 to 200kDa in a temperature range of 20 to 40C. Monosaccharide analysis revealed that the polysaccharide comprised only glucose units. Peptide and protein transdermal drug delivery. what will you do to keep amazon safe answers; amarsi assisted living; peter clarke, emilia clarke; personality characteristics of kiran mazumdar shaw; karina mitchell age; mirela romanian orphan died; dsa presidential endorsement; dextran hydrodynamic radius. Format), Citation-(EndNote Determination of constants, kM-H and a, from the intrinsic viscosity data, requires a series of monodisperse polymer samples with known molecular weight or a series of polydisperse polymer samples with known viscosity average molecular weights, Mv. J Cosmet Laser Ther. The particular dextrans which were used initially for conversion into synthetic blood-volume expanders [6, 7], human red blood cells aggregation for increasing the degree of polymerization and hence the molecular weight [8, 9, 10], hydrogels and microspheres [11], in drug transport system and its modifications as nanoparticles [12], in the removal through absorption of contaminant effluents such as heavy metals, organic molecules and inks [13], in the formation of biodegradable films [14, 15]. Dextran Utilization During Its Synthesis by Weissella cibaria RBA12 Can Be Overcome by Fed-Batch Fermentation in a Bioreactor. However, the results did not show significant regeneration of micropore compared to previous in vivo studies which reported significant regeneration [25]. Walkenhorst, S.; Olivier, R. (2003). ; Bos, G.W. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Die Makromolekulare Chemie, 148(1), 229-238. Recent developments in polysaccharide-based materials used as adsorbents in wastewater treatment. In the range of working temperatures and molecular weights of dextrans, similar intrinsic viscosity results obtained by other researchers and published here are slight, as shown in tables 1 and 3. Dilute Solution. Formul. Intrinsic viscosity molecular weight relationship. 20K groups (n=3, *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01). (2012). statement and The column was eluted with bidestilled water a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min, injection 5L, back pressure 200psi. 2009;8(2):1739. Fractional thermolysis by bipolar radiofrequency facilitates cutaneous delivery of peptide and siRNA with minor loss of barrier function. The fast increasing of these polyglucosans for medical, industrial and research purposes motivated a survey of the types obtainable. Materiaux 1-5. Although, intrinsic viscosity is a molecular parameter that can be interpreted in terms of molecular conformation, it does not offer as high resolution on molecular structure as other methods such as Light Scattering, Circular Dichroism, Sedimentation Velocity, Sedimentation Equilibrium, Size Exclusion Chromatography Coupled to Multi-Angle Laser Light Scattering (SEC-MALLS), High-performance Size Exclusion Chromatography (HPSEC), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), NMR, X-rays, etc. 4K, b M.W. Monolayers and Thin Films of Dextran Hydrophobically Modified. dextran Hydrodynamic Thomas Gutberlet (Lipoteichoic Acid): Statistiques d'influence This study demonstrated that hydrodynamic volume and radius of gyration of a dextran sample with M w < 20 kDa and its linear counterpart with equal M w are almost Dextran Leiva, Angel; Muoz, Natalia; Urza, Marcela; Gargallo, Ligia; Radic, Deodato (2010). Solution properties of branched dextran. Various average molecular weights (Mv, Mn, Mw, and Mz) instead of Mv were substituted in M-H equation. 2023 Feb 17;12(4):861. doi: 10.3390/foods12040861. Soc., 16, 3A, 426-433. Mitragotri S. Mechanical disruption of skin barrier for vaccine delivery. The mostly used commercial product/ polysaccharide is dextran, and it is produced from bacterium Leuconostoc mesenteroides, with an overall degree of branching of about 5% [1-3][1]. Analyzing the values of the hydrodynamic properties of dextran in aqueous solution, it can be seen in Table 7, that all vary with the temperature. (1991). This device can generate microchannels from the SC through to the outer dermis and allow transdermal delivery of active agents. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40824-020-00201-7, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40824-020-00201-7. This result could reflect the presence of some aggregated species within the lysozyme sample solution. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. With FITC-dextran 20K, cumulative permeation in the human skin was 2.530.48M, and 3.340.19M in the pig skin, which significantly lower than FITC-dextran 4K. Cumulative amount of FITC-dextran permeated after microporation on the human and pig skin for FITC-dextran M.W.. a M.W. FITC-derivatives have been used for a variety of biological applications for more than 40 yeras. Macromolecules, 29, 2265-2268. CAS Herwadkar A, Banga AK. To improve drug permeability, micropore ablation using RF is performed by passing an alternating electrical current through the skin at a frequency higher than 100kHz. Journal of Polymer Science, 17, 527-546. Equivalent Radii and Ratios of Radii from Solution Properties as Indicators of Macromolecular Conformation, Shape, and Flexibility. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 72, 871-876. Theory, Estimation, Experiment, and Data. Eng. US20230040324A1 AMINOACRIDINE AND AMINOPYRENE DYES Carbohydrate Polymers, 36, 319-326. WebFITC Products. Figure 3 shows that the parameters vary with temperature, evidencing a clear functionality of them. FITC-dextran solution (600L) was added to the donor chamber. Typically, the hydrodynamic diameter of the micelles is about 100 nm and the critical micelle concentration is about 10 mg/L. Chem. Polysaccharides-based nanoparticles as drug delivery systems. dextran hydrodynamic radius Webof overall macromolecular geometry and hydrodynamic draining. Journal of American Chemical Society, 76 (20), 5041-5052. ; Patel, T.R. In summary, we demonstrated effective enhancement of skin permeability and delivery of macromolecules lower than 20KM.W., and regeneration of human cadaver skin after microporation with an RF-based microporation device. Table 1 shows some values of dextrans Mark-Houwink parameters, from literature consulted, where all data are based on the logarithmic plot of intrinsic viscosity [] and molecular weight Mw. Alternatives to animal testing: a review. Table 2 compares the properties of nanoparticles coated with one or other polymer. 2016;9706:97061E6. 2014 Sep;5(9):2324-30. doi: 10.1039/c4fo00319e. Carbohydrate Polymers, 39, 377-380. The solution was measured using an Anton Paar DMA35N densitometer. Enhanced topical delivery of small hydrophilic or lipophilic active agents and epidermal growth factor by fractional radiofrequency microporation. The above data are not useful because it can not be compared with those obtained in this work. 2021 Aug;13(4):915-925. doi: 10.1007/s12602-021-09751-1. (1999). The (a/b) value is 2.5 which confirms that dextran in aqueous solution is a biopolymer with a spherical conformation for an Mw range from 8.8 to 200kDa, and with tendency to compaction with increasing temperature (RH decreases). Intrinsic viscosities of polyelectrolytes in the absence and in the presence of extra salt: Consequences of the stepwise conversion of dextran into a polycation. The increased TEWL values which were proportional to the number of microspores indicate SC disruption and formation of microchannels in the skin. Middelkoop E, Bogaerdt AJ, Lamme EN, Hoekstra MJ, Brandsma K, Ulrich MMW. (2007). The most widely used method for the characterization of macromolecules is the capillary viscometry, as it is a simple and economic method. Pharm Res. WebThe micelles produced at pH 4.6 have a spherical shape and their size is dependent on the Maillard reaction: reaction time, molar ratio of casein to dextran, and molecular weight of dextran used. For 40 kDa molecules, the hydrodynamic diameter dh ~8 nm is much smaller than the collagen mesh size [ 33, 41 ]. Anal. Table 5 shows the data of Mark-Houwink parameters determined in figure 4 from linear regressions with 2 values higher than 0.9797. Dextrans and their derivatives find an interest in clinical applications, as well as excipients in tablets in the pharmaceutical industry [5]. dextran hydrodynamic J Pharm Sci. Table 2 compares the properties of nanoparticles coated with one or other polymer. From Table 1, It is worth noting that the value of 2 is above 0.95, being an acceptable value for viscosimetric measurement. Correspondence to Pharm Res. One day before the experiment, the skin was stabilized in the skin culture medium. MeSH Whiteside PJD, Chininis JA, Schellenberg MW, Qian C, Hunt HK. Differences were considered statistically significant at p <0.05. Webdextran hydrodynamic radius. Although we didnt conduct assay for inflammation, we could not find any inflammation symptoms such as redness, blisters, cracked, and thickening. Dynamic light scattering study confirmed the mono-disperse nature of dextran with hydrodynamic radius of 900 nm. Journal Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., 97, 295-301. Corp. (Seoul, Korea). 4K and M.W. Conversely, fluorescein sodium was the compound selected to model hydrophilic, low MW drugs. The dextran has the advantage in terms of low cytotoxicity, excellent biocompatibility, and water-solubility. The hydrodynamic radius R h, defined as the radius of a hard sphere that diffuses at the same rate as the solute, takes these effects into account. Nordmeier, Eckliard (1993). These vibrations heat the skin tissue, triggering water vapor and cell ablation, forming microchannels from the SC through to the outer dermis. Characterisation of insulin analogues therapeutically available to pp13-21. Nanoparticles in magnetic resonance imaging: from simple to dual Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 41, 1260-1267. Indo AM J Pharm. Macromolecules, 33, 5730-5739. The a value is higher than calculated in this work, because these calculations were performed with number average molecular weight (Mn) which rearranges the value of a and forces him to enter into unbranched or linear molecules (a > 0.5), on the other hand, if molecular weights (Mw) ware used to value would be less than 0.5. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. Regulating dynamic signaling between hematopoietic stem cells dextran hydrodynamic radius. The reason for a nonlinear Mark-Houwink relationship is confirmed by the intrinsic viscosity which in contrast with scaling prediction shows no power law behavior. Copyright 2006-2023 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. All rights reserved, Dextran, Tetramethylrhodamine, 2,000,000 MW, Lysine Fixable, Sulen und Kartuschen fr die Chromatographie, Kunststoffartikel und Zubehr fr das Labor, Spektroskopie, Element- und Isotopenanalyse, Alle Themen fr Hilfe und Support anzeigen, Status und Nachverfolgung von Bestellungen, Reagenzien und Kits fr die Neurowissenschaft, Discover how to track and trace cells by imaging , Hier finden Sie unsere brigen Tracking-Produkte fr Sugetier-Zellkulturen, Molecular Probes Dextran-Konjugate Tabelle14.4. Microporation techniques for enhanced delivery of therapeutic agents. ; Picout, D.R. WebThe micelles produced at pH 4.6 have a spherical shape and their size is dependent on the Maillard reaction: reaction time, molar ratio of casein to dextran, and molecular weight of dextran used. The microporation device based on radiofrequency can be used to enhance delivery efficiency by removing the epidermis layer. Table 3 shows the intrinsic viscosity for the rest of the dextrans obtained by using the single-point method, measured at different temperatures. The micropores of the human cadaver skin were regenerated according to the time. Characterization of high molecular weight dextran produced by Weissella cibaria CMGDEX3. Determination of intrinsic viscosities of macromolecules and nanoparticles. Surface morphology study of dextran by scanning electron microscopy showed the porous web like structure. 2016;47:15964. 2003;10:33847. Bookshelf International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 23, 135-141. @ Nilimesh See attached. Dextran (DX) is one type of EPS synthesized by LAB in the presence of sucrose (R g), radius of hydrodynamic (R h), polymer conformation parameter ( = R g /R h), intrinsic viscosity ([]), Mark-Houwink coefficient () and branching degree of DXs of RPYs prepared under different conditions. The polymer molecule assumes a tighter configuration, and the solution has a lower intrinsic viscosity. Epub 2012 May 28. The dextran was chosen as another branched polysaccharide which, like the others was suspected to show hyperbranched behavior. "Dextrans in Aqueous Solution. These results are in agreement with a previous study which suggested that the microporation using radiofrequency causes disruption of the SC, enabling the percutaneous permeation of the FITC-dextran [21]. Careers. Characterization and Classification of Dextrans from Ninety-six Strains of Bacteria. Terms and Conditions, Springer Editions. Molecular weight determination of polysaccharides. Microporations were performed 2, 5, and 10 times and the skin damage was confirmed using the TEWL measurement. It is worth noting that the size of macromolecules is much bigger than that of solvent (water) molecules [50]. Therefore, the trend of "a" and kM-H decreases with T, where the presence of ethylene glycol or dimethylsulfoxide strongly changes the interactions of this solvent with the macromolecule. The radius of gyration is typically calculated from static scattering measurements, while the hydro-dynamic radius (or equivalent sphere radius) is deter-mined by dynamic light scattering or other diffusion measurements. Viscotek GmbH, Europe. Masuelli, Martin A. Hydrodynamic properties of whole arabic gum. Degrees of long-chain branching in dextrans. Challenges for the modern analytical ultracentrifuge analysis of polysaccharides. The Dextrans intrinsic viscosity is determined as a function of the molecular weight in water and NaOH 0.5 M see reference [1]. Use of the single point method is correct because it is based in the Huggins method (HM); owing the HM requiring many viscosity and density measurements (at least four) for each Mw, but Solomon Ciuta method with a single measure is sufficient. If plotted for all molecular weights, the double logarithm of [] and Mw, the value of a obtained in all cases shows a value smaller than 0.5, which reports that dextran macromolecule has a degree of hyperbranched with increasing molecular weight and increases much for higher Mw (< 200kDa) which making the application of M-H method more difficult. Home > 2022 > Junho > 22 > Uncategorized > dextran hydrodynamic radius. Nair SS. Kasaai, M. R.; Arul, J.; Charlet, G. (2000). European Polymer Journal, 37, 619-622. ; Ghosh, T.K. Soc., 21, 1, 78-86. Pribush, A.; Zilberman-Kravits, D.; Meyerstein, N. (2007). Its Invariancy with Respect to the Cross-Sectional Dimensions of Polymer Chains. ; Bataille, B. Hydrodynamic Just in case anyone wants to use a different molecular weight to estimate the hydrodynamic size: the calculator is integrated into the classic Zeta 2013, Article ID 360239, pp. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 38, 2591-2598. The micropores were developed on pig skin and human cadaver skin with dermal and epidermal layers by the microporation device. ; Talsma, H.; Hennink, W.E. (2000). Viscosity of in water solution polysaccharides depends on intrinsic characteristics of the biopolymer (such as molecular weight, volume, size, shape, surface charge, deformation facility, esterification degree, and galacturonic content) and on ambient factors (such as pH, temperature, ionic strength, solvent, etc.). 24h after microporation, the pore sizes reduced from 64.8817.20m (0h) to 48.854.27m (24h), and the pore depths reduced from 83.9120.56m (0h) to 63.9527.61m (24h). Physicochemical studies of oligodextran. 2011;16(2):518. Dilute solution properties and degree of chain branching Int. where c is the solute concentration (g/cm3), [] is the intrinsic viscosity (cm3/g), and kH represents Huggins constants (cm3/g). Cecopieri-Gmez, Martha L.; Palacios-Alquisira, Joaqun (2005). The calculation of Mark-Houwink parameters is carried out by the graphic representation of the following equation: where kMH (cm3/g) and a are Mark-Houwink constants, depending on the type of polymer, solvent, and temperature of intrinsic viscosity determinations [46]. These studies were carried out at the Hisko (Gunpo, Korea). ; Wood, P.J. (2008). a Microscopy images of micropore and b quantified data using ImageJ after 0 (immediately), 4, 8, and 24h according to the number of times microproration was done (n=150, *: p<0.05). The M-H equation is empirical and valid for monodisperse polymers, and it is applied to biomacromolecules (complex, hyperbranched, crosslink), taking the precaution of comparing the value of Mv with the polydispersity index (qM-H). Catiker, E.; Guner, A. The .gov means its official. Epub 2017 Jun 1. 2019;9(3-S):9726. The skin poration was performed using the microporation device (LG electronics, Korea). The explanation for the anomalous values of a and kM-H is because the mixture solute-solvent is highly compatible due a great compaction of biopolymer, from undisturbed state in the absence of interactions, where free energy of mixing less than zero, and emphasize the nature non-linear or hyperbranched of dextran for Mw high to 200kDa. Barrier integrity was examined using Tewameter to confirm the poration of human cadaver skin using a microporation device. Conducting a comparative analysis of the data shown in Table 1 can observer that parameter data Mark-Houwink a, obtained by these authors are very similar to that obtained in this work, which affirms its validity.
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