The Chinese authorities burned 20,000 bales of opium, and the British retaliated with a devastating invasion of mainland China, in two wars known as the Opium Wars of 183942 and 185660. This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. Corrections? The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. In 1775, a chief of the White Lotus Society, named Liu Sung, was banished from Anhwei to Kansuh after sending people to the area under pretext of healing diseases by prayer and incantation, to gain adherents to his cause in Western China. History & Facts of The White Lotus Movement - China Underground He declared that to prevent the capture of the young prince when a child, he had fled with him and concealed him beyond the borders of China. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. [4], Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. id How might this yearning relate co Milton's mention of "the thought of lost happiness" in lines 545554-555455? One of the tools they used to stay in power was a very strict restriction on trade. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Vast sums of money earmarked for the campaign against the rebels, however, were embezzled by the imperial favourite Heshen and his friends. Nothing is known of his end. This page was last updated at 2022-12-21 05:40 UTC. White Lotus Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom The White Lotus led impoverished slaves to freedom, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. The first Chinese immigrant to the United Sta, boxer Alissa, Clarissa, kisser, Larissa, Marisa, Melissa, Orissa, reminiscer fixer, mixer, sixer convincer, mincer, pincer, rinser, wincer Amrits, White Lafitte Jos (Silvestre de los Dolores), White House Correspondents' Association Dinner 2006 Speech, White Hot: The Mysterious Murder of Thelma Todd, White Nights (Belye Nochi) by Fedor Dostoevskii, 1848, https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. Snow Lotus | Frisco TX - Facebook Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. Since the 1340s, the Mongol Yuan Dynasty was experiencing problems. Only after 1800 did Beijing adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. Ch'ien-lung (1711-1799) was the fourth emperor of the Ch'ing, or Manchu, dynasty in China. "The Great Yn: China's Last Imperial Dynasty" WIP Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. After both died in battle in 1796, Beijing sent new officials but none were successful. The History of White Lotus Rebellion - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia [2][3]. Civil conflicts including the White Lotus Rebellion (1774-1805), Xinjiang wars (1820s and 1860s) and Taiping Civil War (1850-64) broke out across Qing China. Yingcong Dai. The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late Where this rebellion took place and the Qing Empires reaction: (2020, August 27). [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. White Lotus - Wikiwand ThoughtCo. Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Bailianjiao (www.chinaknowledge.de) The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. Local disaffection broke out in the so-called White Lotus Rebellion of 1796-1804, which was centerd in the Szechwan- Shensi- Hupeh- Honan border regions. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. This rebellion was less successful than that of the Red Turbans, and the Qing government succeeded in crushing this uprising. 22 Feb. 2023 . The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. 10 New Religions That Were Mercilessly Crushed - Listverse This humiliation showed all of China's subjects, neighbors, and tributaries that the once-mighty China was now weak and vulnerable. READ: Economic and Material Causes of Revolt - Khan Academy Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. //]]>. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. In its last stage, the Ch'ing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. This is a list of major rebellions that have occurred in China from 209 BCE to present times. Fall of China's Qing Dynasty: Causes and Consequences - ThoughtCo When the last Chinese dynastythe Qing dynastyfell in 19111912, it marked the end of the nation's incredibly long imperial history. Explain semantic, declarative, episodic, and explicit memories. 7 Population Milestones for 7 Billion People | Live Science Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. . It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hngjn Qy) was an uprising influenced by the White Lotus Society members that, between 1351 and 1368, targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty of China, eventually leading to its overthrowing. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. As one Qing official complained:[9]. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. XIX Century Civil Wars. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. The Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung) (reigned 173599) sent Helin, brother to the infamously corrupt eunuch Heshen and Fukangan, related by marriage to the Emperor, to quell the uprising. That history stretched back at least as far as 221 BCE when Qin Shi Huangdi first united China into a single empire. The White Lotus Secret Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China The Tipng Rebellion (1850-1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of the capital in 1853. (present perfect, tell). Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. We are committed to providing our patients care in the same warm, caring, and professional manner we would extend to members of our own family. This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. Grandmother. Within China, dissent grew, and the empire began to crumble from within. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than four thousand soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. White Lotus - Wikipedia The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. [citation needed]. //An introduction to 19th-century China | British Museum This internecine war lasted over ten years, at a cost of tens of thousands of lives and an expenditure, by the government alone, of two hundred million taels in money. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. These three Atlantic RevolutionsAmerican, French, and Haitianwere part of a broader world crisis at the end of the eighteenth century. that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. Omissions? Encyclopedia.com. Snow Lotus is your One stop shop for exclusive Antique Silver Artifacts & Authentic Silver in Dallas. White Lotus Rebellion | Chinese history | Britannica While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 189596, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. Not until the Qianlong emperor died in 1799 was Heshen removed and the war really prosecuted. Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Write in the blank the verb and tense indicated in parentheses. The dynasty had to resort to a strategy of removing all food supplies from the countryside and collecting the peasants into a series of armed stockades. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas found in the scriptures with orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). An independent military force, the militia proved difficult to disband, and frequently it turned against the dynasty in the early 20th century. White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 - globalsecurity.org ", Dai, Yingcong. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Inventions One Qing response was to suppress the word "revolution" by banning it from their world-history textbooks. How did the Rebellion impact the Qing dynasty? Definition 1 / 6 - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China - large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces Completely unprepared for such an onslaught, the Qing dynasty lost, and Britain imposed unequal treaties and took control of the Hong Kong region, along with millions of pounds of silver to compensate the British for the lost opium. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. Qing control weakened and prosperity diminished by the 19th century. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government in 1804, it marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia A White Lotus rebellion known as the Red Turban Uprising helped Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, capture Beijing, but he turned against the group once he had achieved imperial power. Qing Dynasty Inventions & Innovations - Totally History A second major contributor was internal turmoil, expressed in a series of devastating rebellions beginning in 1794 with the White Lotus rebellion, and ending with the Boxer Rebellion of 18991901 and Wuchang Uprising of 19111912. The Qing had forbidden agriculture in the northern regions, which were left to the Mongol pastoralists, but the introduction of new world crops such as potato and maize opened the northern region plains farming. France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. White Lotus | Chinese cult | Britannica The White Lotus continued to be active, and might have influence the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.[6]. This rebellion wasn't the direct down fall of the Qing dynasty. [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. . International imperialism brought the Opium Wars (1840-42 and 1856-60), Sino-French War (1884-85), Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and Boxer War (1898-1900). The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. During much of that time, China was the single, undisputed superpower in East Asia, with neighboring lands such as Korea, Vietnam, and an often-reluctant Japan trailing in its cultural wake. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. Southern Shensi, with its great amounts of vacant land, attracted immigrants on a large scale after severe famines and crop failures had occurred in Hupeh and Szechwan provinces in the 1770s. The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol -led Yuan dynasty. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. They are not like some external tribe . In the period after about 1680 the introduction of corn (maize) and sweet potatoes, followed in the 18th century by the introduction of the Irish potato, made upland farming possible. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. Although the Manchu finally crushed (1804) the rebellion, the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchu was shattered, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th cent. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent . The White Lotus War - University of Washington Press Exploring Chinese History :: Politics :: Rebellion and Revolution He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. [2][3], The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. White Lotus Rebellion | Infoplease - Fact Monster It broke out in 1794, and was at full height in 1796, among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). The Qing state banned the religion, and it, The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). It took nine years of warfare and great loss of life before the rebellion was put down. J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. "White Lotus Rebellion The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. In 2014, with the publication of White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates: Crisis and Reform in the Qing Empire (2014), Wensheng Wang challenged the perception of the Jiaqing reign (1796-1802) as a "dead middle hiatus" between its past and present by arguing that the emperor successfully carried out policy reforms that readjusted the priorities of governance and enabled the dynasty to .