Despite the years of leadership by men from the North, that region continued to be marginalized economically after independence, and has suffered higher rates of poverty than other areas of the country. Batswana are divided into a number of subgroups or "tribes": Bahurut, Shona We hope you find it interesting. "[21] In discussing the peace talks of 20052007, Latigo noted leaders who called for a revival of the traditional processes of the indigenous people by which they worked for accountability and justice, namely, mato oput. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers Acholi and Langi in government. Uma, F. K. (1971). Luo peoples - Wikipedia Political organisation - Wikipedia The Migration of Nilotes and Their Settlement | SpringerLink The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Acholi conceive of death as an inevitable, personal defeat and tragedy, against which there is no ultimate defense. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Inheritance has been, and largely remains, patrilineal. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Uganda Journal 19(1): 57-61. A new sociopolitical orderand the basis of an Acholi identitywas established when chiefly institutions and ideology were introduced into Acholi by Luo-speaking Paluo from the neighboring kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara. Crazzolara, J. P. (1950-1954). neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. The Lwoo. Sons have traditionally learned about farming, hunting, herding, and lineage and chiefdom traditions from their fathers and other lineage males; girls learn farming and domestic duties from their mothers. The cookie is used to store information of how visitors use a website and helps in creating an analytics report of how the website is doing. The republican constitution adopted in 1967 abolished the monarchies and assigned ultimate political power to an elected president. Kinship Terminology. Twentieth-century densities have been consistently the second lowest in all of Uganda (after Karamoja). The Acholi are the descendants of a variety of Luo-speaking peoples who are believed to have migrated three or four centuries ago from adjacent areas of what is now South Sudan into what is now the Acholi district of Uganda. Certain rwodi and PDF CORE - Aggregating the world's open access research papers According to the latest census, there are 1.47 million ethnic Acholi in Uganda, amounting to 4.4 per cent of the total population. Following the [26] However, it successfully popularised the LRA in the West. Religious Beliefs. ." for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the Marriage has been typically patrilocal and patriarchal, with the husband and father as the undisputed head of the household. Traditionally, land rights were vested in localized patrilineal lineages, under the control and guidance of lineage heads and elders. In response, Musevenis government forced 1.4 to 1.9 million civilians into camps where they ostensibly were to be protected by the Ugandan army. with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Statt Afrika im Kampf gegen Hunger zu helfen, beuten Industriestaaten Conflict. Uganda - Government and society | Britannica The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful social control in the area. administration within the region and the district headquarters were erected in the area of the The third group of spirits were those of unknown persons and dangerous beasts; these were hostile, personified as ghosts, believed to cause sickness and other misfortunes, and dealt with by means of spirit possession. became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. Acholi: Talking Politics in Northern Uganda - Unizin majority peasant population. Acholi Sub-region is consist of seven districts, namely; Gulu, Kitgum, Lamwo, Pader, Agago, Amuru and Nwoya, and are situtated in northern Uganda. One illustration of this is the various spirit-possession-based millennial (and military) movements that have been prominent in Acholi during the extremely difficult period of the late 1980s and early 1990s, most famously the Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Lakwena. The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda - JSTOR From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and - CORE morphed into Chuuli, before finally becoming Acholi as it was applicated with the pronoun The relationship between (real) brother and sister is often very close, especially when one acts as the lapidi (nurse-child) to the other, as are the bonds between the children of sisters. At the height of the insurgency, 1.8 million people in the north were living in camps. [13] The refugees in the camps have also been subject to raids by both LRA and government forces.[10]. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Identification and Location. The Acholi region and language 51. that included areas now belonging to South Sudan and the northern regions of Uganda. [10] General Tito Okello was an Acholi, and came to power in a military coup. Land Tenure. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. By clicking 'Accept', you consent to the use of all the cookies. Notable among the Acholi soldiers who made the ranks were Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa, Brig. [1994], p. 80). Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. "Is Alice Lakwena a Witch? The Acholi were considered a martial people by the British, and many joined the military. cooperation of their rwot (chief) Aliker with the British, the centre of the colonial Social Control. Doom, Ruddy and Koen Vlassenroot. Situated 1,025 to 1,350 meters above sea level, the Acholi landscape is typical East African game countryrolling grasslands with scattered trees, streams, and rock outcrops. "In 1997, the Catholic, Anglican, Muslim, and later the Orthodox religious leaders of Acholi formalized their increasing cooperation on peace issues by setting up the Acholi Religious Leaders' Peace Initiative (ARLPI). The size and nature of this occasion depend on the age and status of the deceased, with the most lavish and festive celebrations taking place when the person who died was both aged and important. With higher population densities during the dry seasons, groups of families would fall under the rule of one person known as Jago, or clan chief (Cohen & Atieno-Odhiambo, 1968 , p . million first language speakers at the time. A rebellion the area around Lake Victoria as early as the fourth century B.C. Arab trading routes coming from the north, trading in goods, but also in slaves. This included both agricultural and hunting land. This cookie is set by Stripe payment gateway. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. They were approached in regard to such general concerns as good health, fertility, and appeals or thanks for good harvests in ceremonies that usually emphasized the consciousness, cohesiveness, and continuation of their respective groups as functioning corporate entities. His stated political aims are to rule Uganda according to the Biblical Ten Commandments. As droughts and PUBLISHED: 30/01/2023. Central to the new order were a set of notions about political leadership in which chiefs (rwodi; sing, rwot ) shared power and decision making with the heads of chiefdoms' constituent lineages; a system of redistributive tribute within each polity, with the chief at the center; and royal, often rainmaking, drums as symbols of sovereignty and authority. came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the Dwyer, John O. heard of gun sound, they were used to only lightning thunder sound. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators Other uncategorised cookies are those that are being analysed and have not been classified into a category as yet. This is used to present users with ads that are relevant to them according to the user profile. Until 1967 Uganda was a quasi-federal polity that included five subregional monarchies, non-monarchical districts, and a central government. The Acholi occupy a 39,000-square-kilometer area, three-fourths of which lies within Uganda, extending roughly from 215 to 4159 N and 3325 to 3345 E. Their neighbors include the Luo-speaking Lango, Paluo, and Alur to the south and southwest, the Central Sudanic-speaking Madi to the west, and the Eastern Nilotic Jie and Karamojong to the east. Dholuo, which is spoken in in the West of Kenya. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"igNXChGgDPbig_bsHwJgxoRb9NTulTcrPPRjDe2iFNY-86400-0"}; Lineage heads, assisted by lineage elders, organized both production (based on cooperative village-lineage labor) and reproduction (through the control of the material means and ideological rules of marriage). The personal and group loss resulting from death is acknowledged as real and permanent. Nairobi: Oxford University Press. Women also provide major labor in the fields, as well as being responsible for most child rearing and all cooking and other food-preparation tasks. 102-104, Southern Sudan and the Government of the Republic of the South Sudan, State Minister for Foreign Affairs (International Affairs), https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=15068#topmenu, "2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census Main Report", https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=14887#topmenu, James Ojent Latigo, Chapter 4: "Northern Uganda tradition-based practices in the Acholi region, 1. 13.4 Organizational Politics - Organizational Behavior identity is rather disputed. In 2009, Acholi was one of the six Ugandan languages identified as having more than one Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. Like Tattered Grass Beneath Warring Elephants: The Destruction of the limited wealth in the society and redistribution. Colonial rule brought the penetration of a money economy into Acholi, along with the establishment of numerous rural and small-town trading centers and the two major urban centers of Gulu and Kitgum, where a range of local and imported goods are available. "Acholi With the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan in 2005, and the establishment of the ex-rebel government in newly independent South Sudan in territory in which the LRA once operated freely, those lines of support have been substantially weakened, if not severed altogether. "[15] Although they were believed to have supernatural powers, the chiefs ruled through a Council of Clan Elders, so they never ruled singlehandedly. Purifications or atonement practices are still performed by Acholi elders in some communities. members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been This structure was maintained by the real anointed chiefs of the Acholi, the rwodi moo. [26][27], The NRA managed to defeat all the rebel groups except the LRA which culminated in a 20-year conflict. Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. Our interactive map highlights countries most at risk of genocide and mass killing. All affines, meanwhile, are known as "mother." p. 41). Okot p'Bitek (1963). Social Organization. Identification. As some of these languages show some form Due to a changing economy, after the 1950s, fewer Acholi was recruited to the armed forces but continued to be associated with them in popular mythology and stereotypes. into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. Given the low population densities and minimal land pressure, almost anyone who was willing to clear and work unused land has been welcomed by lineage heads responsible for such land and, while they functioned, by the rwodi of chiefdoms within whose domains the land lay. According to the reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), the Acholi as a group emerged [23] This resulted in resistance building up in the region and soon a host of rebel groups sprang up in the north. With colonial rule of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with Mothers are responsible for the initial care of their children and for much of their socialization. outsiders: The Arabs had established a killing government on Acholi, some of the chiefs who with the British was through Samuel Baker. Ocheng, D. O. . After weaning and up to the age of 5 or 6, however, much of the day-to-day caretaking of a child has customarily been done by an opposite-sex sibling or other preadolescent (often a member of the father's lineage), called lapidi (nurse-child). Movement. the northern regions, this relationship changed. The We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. More commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the majority peasant population. element of the social and political environment of the region. [23][24], The attempt to pacify the Northern Uganda was carried out recklessly with much brutality and unprofessionalism from the NRA soldiers and government. Ethnohistory 36(1): 19-43. Acholi chiefdoms ranged in population from under 1,000 to as many as 20,000 people and consisted of a number of fenced villages, each with recognized land rights vested in the patrilineal lineage (kaka ) at its core. against the central government. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end Uganda, leading raids all over the region. time was critical to the social and political development of the region. Diversity Management in Sudan's Democratic Transitional Arrangements: Technical Paper 1, January 2023. David Oyite-Ojok | Military Wiki | Fandom [10], The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the long insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony, an Acholi from Gulu. "Acholi 1544957. 2 I Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just b It is part of the Southern Lwoo languages families living together in hamlets. When the victorious NRA started violent acts of vengeance in the following years, Traditionally, a grave is dug as soon as a person has died, following which a small and brief ceremony is held in the deceased's house prior to burial. Under Ugandan Pres. In search of chiefly authority in 'post-aid' Acholiland Soon after, the NRM started pacifying the northern region, which is home to several ethnics, including the Acholi and Lango. - CORE Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. The n, Mende These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customised ads. development of the chiefdom and clan system in the 17th and 18th century that is still a vital 1.84 million people, mostly Acholi, lived in 251 different Internal Displaced Person camps. This conflict lasted until 2008 and ended with the LRA fleeing to Eastern Political Organizations | Internal Revenue Service - IRS tax forms During the later nineteenth century, the emergent Acholi became involved in the international trade in ivory and slaves, which were exchanged mainly for cattle, beads, blankets, cotton cloth, and firearms. Given the anti-Museveni sentiment of most Acholis, the LRA's inability to mobilize support - or to at least avoid repudiation by its own ethnic base - is remarkable. In addition there were priest- or priestess-diviners, private practitioners who worked for the well-being of their clients, and witches, who worked in private for evil or destructive purposes. solidification of an Acholi identity, with their common language becoming an important marker. When conflict did occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few deaths. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. PDF "Acholi Youth Are Lost": Young, Christian and (A)political in Uganda Yet the northerners living in these squalid camps were prone to attack by the LRA and the national army alike, and unable to raise their own food. For example, among Acholi, husbands pay a bride price to their wives fathers, and this payment supports the traditional belief that women are the property of the husband, since a payment was made for her. With the coming of the ivory and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. They are speakers of Western Nilotic languages and are traditionally farmers. Orientation But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. They also oversaw village-lineage ritual and chiefdomwide ritual, were the main advisors to their rwot, and were responsible for most of the social control exercised in Acholi. . Identification. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The Population Geography of Acholi District. At the same time Joseph Kony formed his own rebel group, Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. By the mid-nineteenth century, about 60 small chiefdoms existed in eastern Acholiland. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. and created larger political In addition to these six languages, some authors also classify Labwor (Ladefoged, The data collected including the number visitors, the source where they have come from, and the pages visted in an anonymous form. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Its current population is estimated to be around 2.155,000 individuals, or six percent of the total national population. [6] While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudanese border, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". Kuturia Housein fired the first gun shot on Acholiland who had never seen and During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. into the independence era. Organizational Politics. Political Organization Defined A political organization subject to Code section 527 is a party, committee, association, fund or other organization (whether or not incorporated) organized and operated primarily for the purpose of directly or indirectly accepting contributions or making expenditures, or both, for an exempt function. Girling (1960) notes that as late as 1950 there was still no system of individual land tenure in Acholi; however, such tenure has become increasingly common since independence. Men have also traditionally played a significant role in agriculture, especially for such time-limited, labor-intensive tasks as clearing, planting, and harvesting (often as part of lineage-based cooperative labor teams). Odongo, J. M. Onyango-ku-, and J. [25], Some of the groups in Acholi, like the UPDA, detested the Museveni regime because it had overthrown the government in which they served. Over the second half of the nineteenth century, Acholi was incorporated into international trade networks through the activities of northern, Arabic-speaking ivory and slave traders. The northerners also contributed to the further evolution of an Acholi identity, not only by introducing the name "Shuuli," which eventually became "Acholi," but by acting in ways that promoted Acholi as a meaningful ethnic and geographic entity. Children are highly prized, and historically a couple did not set up their own household until the birth of their first child, living until then in the household of the husband's mother. laws of social life among the Acholi were set up by the elders of the clans, regulating everything The Tonga occupy much of Southern Province in Zambia (formerly No, ETHNONYMS: Batswana, Bechuana (colonial appellation) The Holy Spirit Movement and Its Fight against Evil in the North." 13.4 Organizational Politics | Organizational Behavior - Lumen Learning In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labour and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "military ethnocracy". The LRA has been targeting civilians, the majority being their own tribe, the Acholi. Religious Practitioners. Uganda Now: Between Decay and Development. commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector Further he described how this negative experience led to generally negative attitudes towards Acholi men say, Property cant own property, and the notion of women having independent land rights is an anomaly to them. At its peak in 2005 over Common synonyms for this type of organization are "interest groups," "pressure groups," and . As they have for centuries, Acholi farmers rely mainly on iron hoes and other hand tools. "Some Notes on Acholi Religious Ceremonies." //]]>, ETHNONYMS: Acoli, Acooli; historically: Gani, Lango, Lo-Gang, Shuuli. B. Webster, eds. Dances and other activities surrounding spirit possession seem to have been originally introduced from Bunyoro in the early nineteenth century and then became more wide-spread during the tumultuous years of the latter part of that century. settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. 30 Chiefly authority was however not absolute, as power was shared with lineage elders ( ladit kaka) and political authority was mainly vested in Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed London: James Currey. Tonga M.A. The women have accomplished agriculturists, growing and processing a variety of food crops, including millet, simsim, groundnuts, peas, sorghum and vegetables. Army membership has also supplied a distinct, if largely negative, socializing influence on many Acholi young men. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. The Age-set spokesmen handled affairs involving interclan cooperation. The Acholi are proud and loud, but have been exposed as a group without a uniting leadership. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. This disorder in Acholi contrasts sharply with the solid organisation of Buganda, which always has a centralized, well-thought out and weighted responses to critical issues such as land and political contention that affect the kingdom. At the height of the insurgency, some 1.8 million people were living in camps in the north, and due to a combination of LRA activities and the Ugandan armys counter-offensives virtually the entire population of Acholiland was displaced. Then in Kenya and Tanzania are the Joluo also known as the Luo. Chopi (Storch, 2005), Index of languages, language families, linguistic areas, and ethnic groups.. African languages. Spirits of both of these types were generally beneficent. The purpose of the cookie is to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. Then a final dance and feast takes place at a time chosen to make possible the maximum attendance by relatives and other interested people. This cookies is set by Youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos. in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used Certain rwodi and interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. Customary leadership of the Acholi was severely affected by the long conflict in Northern Uganda, when many Acholi people lived in IDP camps for as long as 20 years. Milton Obote (1962-71, 1980-85). Since the entrenchment of colonial rule, an average of 10 to 20 percent of adult Acholi males at any one time have been involved in migrant labor or employment in the police or army that has taken them from their home and families. Identification. 2.4. Verona: Editrice Nigrizia. Ceremonies. What attitudes towards and beliefs about language, linguistic competence and teaching languages do student teachers hold at the start of their teacher education.. How, It addresses the practices used for managing linguistic diversity in downstream relationships, particularly focusing on the role of language nodes at the, LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE, Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Language Learners (ELLs) and monolingual children with and, Recently, Wang, Teng, and Chen (2015) conducted a study to examine students attitude toward the use of iPad in English Vocabulary Learning. The cookie is used by cdn services like CloudFare to identify individual clients behind a shared IP address and apply security settings on a per-client basis. Idi Amin was also from north Uganda, but was of the Kakwa people. Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders.