That's a matter of opinion. Both Desdemona and Othello defy by their words and gestures the calumnies heaped upon them by Roderigo and Brabantio and vindicate the imperatives of the heart over parental authority and custom. Of one that loved not wisely but too well, Othello, likewise, has tradud the state and has changed from noble and valiant Othello to a beast, with the passion that ennobled him shown as corrosive and demeaning. What makes you cringe? Here are some examples of archetype in Shakespearean works: Lover: Romeo ("Romeo and Juliet"), Juliet ("Romeo and Juliet"), Antony ("Antony and Cleopatra") Hero: Othello ("Othello"), Hamlet . Archetypal criticism focuses on such things in a work. Othello: A Survey of Criticism :: Internet Shakespeare Editions - UVic.ca Desdemona is oblivious to what is going on around her and stays loyal to her morals but Iagos rumours lure Othello to thinking otherwise. Did you find something inaccurate, misleading, abusive, or otherwise problematic in this essay example? New theoretical approaches appear to legitimize orthodox Jungian ways of reading, sanction Jungs range of literary preferences from She to Faust, and support his highly affective reaction to Ulysses, which he himself identified (positively) as a subjective confession (i5:io9n). Othello is a tragedy plan written by William Shakespeare. Despite naively playing into Iago's hands earlier by giving him the handkerchief, Emilia shows her earnest loyalty to Desdemona. The Critical Analysis Of A Novel: Atonement By Ian Mcewan Atonement by Ian McEwan is a literary masterpiece and a highly critically acclaimed novel. Othello is the most painfully exciting and the most terrible. Jung most frequently used myth (or mythologem) for the narrative expression, on the ethnological level (Collected 9, pt. In Cinthios story, Alfiero, the scheming ensign, lusts after the Moors wife, named Disdemona, and after she spurns his advances, Alfiero seeks vengeance by accusing her of adultery with Cassio, the Moors lieutenant. And the 1980s saw a new, suggestive, and controversial direction in archetypal studies of literature: the feminist. Her Jungian Approach to Literature attempts to cover the Finnish epic The Kalevala, the Persian Atars The Conference of the Birds, and texts by Euripides, Wolfram von Eschenbach, Michel de Montaigne, Pierre Corneille, Goethe, Novalis, Rabbi ben Simhah Nachman, and W. B. Yeats. Free Feminist On Othello Essays and Papers | 123 Help Me Aristotle believed that the plot is the most important element in a play and that plot also clearly points out the problem of any characters to be solved. : 2022625 : archetypal criticism in othello "An Archetype Criticism of Othello, a Play by William Shakespeare." That such a man should unravel so completely, ushered by jealousy and hatred into a bestial worldview that cancels any claims of human virtue and self-less devotion, shocks and horrifies. O, damn her, damn her! To date, the British Journal of Analytical Psychology and the retitled American Spring: A Journal of Archetype and Culture are the best resources for archetypal criticism of literature and the arts even though only a small percentage of their published articles treat such topics. Farewell! James Baird, Jungian Psychology in Criticism: Theoretical Problems, Literary Criticism and Psychology (ed. Tis done at your request; but let her live. Archetypal Criticism - ResearchGate Othello accused her of being unfaithful, when she never was. The intensity and focus of Othello is unalleviated by subplots, comic relief, or any mitigation or consolation for the deterioration of the noble Moor and his collapse into murder and suicide. Archetypal criticism, then, construed as that derived from Jungs theory and practice of archetypal (analytical) psychology, is a fledgling and much misconstrued field of inquiry with significant but still unrealized potential for the study of literature and of aesthetics in general. Uncover new sources by reviewing other students' references and bibliographies, Inspire new perspectives and arguments (or counterarguments) to address in your own essay. Othello Essay Questions | GradeSaver However, the protagonist of the tragedy play only partially meets the definition of Aristotles tragic hero. Othello Zootopia Act 1 The wall Othello is referring to are the Walls of Nicosia which surround the capital city Nicosia in Cyprus. Further, Jung termed his own theory analytical psychology, as it is still known especially in Europe, but Jungian thought is more commonly referred to today in all disciplines as archetypal psychology.. Aristotles second requirement for a tragedy is that the tragic hero must have a reversal of fortune. The storm that divides the Venetian fleet also disperses the Turkish threat and clears the way for the lovers happy reunion and peaceful enjoyment of their married state. Here are some ways our essay examples library can help you with your assignment: Read our Academic Honor Code for more information on how to use (and how not to use) our library. Othello demonstrates all of these characteristics in the play, proving him to be a tragic hero. Historical-Cultural Criticism In William Shakespeare's Othello In Re-Visioning Psychology, the published text of his 1972 Yale Terry Lectures (the same lecture series Jung gave in 1937), Hillman locates the archetypal neither in the physiology of the brain, the structure of language, the organization of society, nor the analysis of behavior, but in the processes of imagination (xi). The direction of Othello criticism will also be affected as literary criticism's longstanding commitment to cultural historicism comes under pressure from those who argue that explorations of context often come at the expense of literature's formal properties and affective registers, and as developments in the digital humanities enable fresh He seems to breathe an atmosphere as fateful as that of King Lear, but more confined and oppressive, the darkness not of night but of a close-shut murderous room. (2.1.191-93) Setting the scene. Discuss The Archetypes Of The Tragedy In Othello | 123 Help Me However, the Moor and Alfiero join forces to kill Disdemona, beating her to death with a stocking filled with sand before pulling down the ceiling on her dead body to conceal the crime as an accident. Summary and Analysis Act IV: Scene 2 - CliffsNotes / Man but a rush against Othello's breast / And he retires." I took by th throat the circumcisd dog, The execution of his wit, hands, heart The archetypal characteris a simple character template recognizable to all readers. For the onlookers on stage, the final tableau of the dead Desdemona and Othello poisons sight and provokes the command to Let it be hid. The witnesses on stage cannot compute rationally what has occurred nor why, but the audience has been given a privileged view of the battle between good and evil worked out in the private recesses of a bedroom and a human soul. In this essay let us examine the various themes and determine which are dominant and which subordinate. And smote himthus. The scapegoat is the character that gets blamed for everything regardless if he or she was actually the one who did or not (Archetypes). Come, go with me apart. The Moor is eventually captured, tortured, and slain by Disdemonas relatives, while the ensign dies during torture for another crime. Othello sends Emilia outside to guard the door. while we are reading any of [Shakespeare's] great criminal characters - we think not so much of the crimes which they commit, as of the ambition, the aspiring spirit, the intellectual activity which prompts them to . Aristotles theory is not the final word on tragedy, however it can support in pinpointing the pivotal traits in. That such a man should fall so far and so fast gives the play an almost unbearable momentum. What is archetypal criticism. Archetypal criticism. 2022-11-13 Thus archetype is recognized as the tendency to form and reform images in relation to certain kinds of repeated experience, which may vary in individual cultures, authors, and readers (Lauter and Rupprecht 13-14). What is a tragic hero and why is Othello considered one? Iago leads Othello to suspect that love and devotion are shams disguising the basest of animalistic instincts. Act 3, one of the wonders of the stage, anatomizes Othellos psychic descent from perfect contentment in his new wife to complete loathing, from a worldview in which everything is as it appears to one in which nothing is as it seems. The example essays in Kibin's library were written by real students for real classes. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/an-archetype-criticism-of-othello-a-play-by-william-shakespeare-yJF4zltX, ("An Archetype Criticism of Othello, a Play by William Shakespeare. And concomitantly, on which of these levels was the reader affected? To see you here before me. He carries out his own execution for a violation that threatens social and psychic order. Analysis of William Shakespeare's Othello - Literary Theory and Criticism Just another site. reflects the archetypal villain" (Sen, ). Kibin, 2023. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/an-archetype-criticism-of-othello-a-play-by-william-shakespeare-yJF4zltX. Critical approaches to Othello | The British Library How To Write An Archetypal Criticism Essay - quality-managers.org This juxtaposition between Othello's transparency and Iago's duality identifies him as a sympathetic character despite his actions. Citations Archetypal theory and criticism, although often used synonymously with Myth theory and crticism, has a distinct history and process. "Now will I question assio of ianca, As he shall smile, Othello shall go mad; . Iago tries to prove Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio which increases Othello's torments of jealousy. Othello is now reduced to questioning his wife's maid, Emilia, looking for evidence of Desdemona's infidelity. Othello relies easily on Iago to believe without being thought deeply. But heres my husband; Joseph P. Strelka, 1976); Karin Barnaby and Pellegrino DAcerino, eds., C. G. Jung and the Humanities: Toward a Hermeneutics of Culture (1990); Martin Bickman, The Unsounded Centre: Jungian Studies in American Romanticism (1980); Maud Bodkin, Archetypal Patterns in Poetry: Psychological Studies in Imagination (1934); Northrop Frye, Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays (1957); Albert Gelpi, The Tenth Muse: The Psyche of the American Poet (1975); Naomi Goldenberg, Archetypal Theory after Jung, Spring (1975); Julia Kristeva, Stabat Mater (1977, The Kristeva Reader, ed. Othello is characterized by his plainspoken read analysis of Othello Iago Othello's disloyal standard-bearer and the villain of the play. Thus, with the archetypal theorists multiplying across disciplines on the one hand and the clinically practicing followers serving as (generally inadequate) critics on the other, archetypal literary theory and criticism flourished in two independent streams in the 1960s and 1970s. During the play Iago manipulates Othello because Lieutenant Cassio was promoted ahead of him, and also because he suspects that Othello has had an affair with his wife. His destruction is essentially precipitated by his own actions, as well as by the actions of the characters surrounding him. Their union is opposed by Desdemonas father, Brabantio, and by a rival for Desdemona, Roderigo, who in the plays opening scenes are both provoked against Othello by Iago. An archetype is recurrent. Othello Archetypal Tragic Hero Analysis - 1236 Words | Bartleby May the wind blow till they have wakened death, Othello is a Moorish (African) general in the Venetian army and an eloquent storyteller who is respected, but often treated as an outsider. Archetypal criticism gets its impetus from psychologist Carl Jung, who postulated that humankind has a "collective unconscious," a kind of universal psyche, which is manifested in dreams and myths and which harbors themes . You know how looking at a math problem similar to the one you're stuck on can help you get unstuck? Unfortunately, this got the ball rolling for Othello's inevitable downfall. Let him command, And to obey shall be in me remorse, Archetypal criticism ensures the efforts of all these concerned faculties to analyse of a text hence archetypal criticism is of immense significance. PPT - Archetypal Criticism PowerPoint Presentation, free download - ID The Women of Othello There are only three female characters in Othello, and each plays a critical role in Shakespeare's artfully crafted plot of jealousy and retribution. She is not as strong-willed like the other ladies and is Shakespeares example of the archetype of the innocence and has the bases of a flat character. Mythological critics compare one work to others with similar story . Confirmation of this theory was Jungs reading of Faust: part 1 was psychological; part 2, visionary.. As the pair kneels together, they exchange vows: Iago: Witness you ever-burning lights above, Moreover, Shakespeare, by deliberately clouding the issue of Iagos motive, finds ever more sinister threats in such a characters apparently bottomless and unmerited hatred and capacity for evil. "He is, in a sense, a 'self made man', the . Othello's Integrity One of Othello's admirable qualities is that he believes that men should be transparent and honest as he is; "Certain, men should be what they seem" (Act 3 Scene 3 Line 134). However, in William Shakespeare's Othello, Emilia's character portrays three completely different archetypes and they all come through in strategical places. Frazers and Jungs texts formed the basis of two allied but ultimately different courses of influence on literary history. And will upon the instant put thee tot. Jung was also more preoccupied with dreams and fantasies, because he saw them as exclusively (purely) products of the unconscious, in contrast to literature, which he oddly believed, citing Joyces Ulysses as an example, was created in the full light of consciousness (15:123). Key quotation (Aside) O, you are well tuned now!But I'll set down the pegs that make this music, As honest as I am. They're not intended to be submitted as your own work, so we don't waste time removing every error. Othello Literary Criticism - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com A Modern View of Feminist Criticism William Shakespeare 's "Othello" can be analyzed from a feminist perspective.This criticism focuses on relationships between genders, like the patterns of thoughts, behavior, values, enfranchisement, and power in relations between and within sexes. A storm has dispersed the Venetian fleet so that Cassio arrives first, anxious for Othello's safety. In a mess of questions of good and evil, right and wrong, critical supporters of Iago (T.S. To furnish me with some swift means of death ukraine russia border live camera /; June 24, 2022 Jungs Psychology of the Unconscious (1916, B. M. Hinkles translation of the 1911-12 Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido) appeared in English one year after publication of the concluding volume with bibliography of the third edition of J. G. Frazers The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (2 vols., 1890,3d ed., 12 vols., 1911-15). Hillman invokes Henri Corbin (1903-78), French scholar, philosopher, and mystic known for his work on Islam, as the second father of archetypal psychology. Even though Othello had a reputation as a hero, he ends up being one of the most gullible characters in the play when he completely falls into the evil trap that Iago set for him. Then must you speak To protect the anonymity of contributors, we've removed their names and personal information from the essays. An archetypal critic would suggest that all human experience is linked through literature and that this experience is expressed again and again using the same patterns throughout time and space. "Othello", by William Shakespeare, is a story of jealousy's potential to manipulate thoughts and eventually lead to ultimate demise. Having triumphantly bested the social and natural forces aligned against them, having staked all to the devotion of the other, Desdemona and Othello will not be left to live happily ever after, and the tragedy will grow out of the conditions that made the comedy. As he attempts to carry out his execution of Desdemona, she for the first time realizes his charges against her and his utter delusion. This causes him to lose his ability to make good judgments and decisions. Mythological Criticism and Archetypes BY: TO: AYTEKIN ALIYEVA Prof. SHAHIN KHALILLI. The term 'archetype' is taken from the Greek words 'arche' (beginning) and 'typos' (imprint). The movie Zootopia uses animals to portray racism and sexism; predators do not like prey and vice versa. Furthermore, they must also have a fatal flaw, that eventually leads to their downfall. As mine own face. Shakespeare's play, Othello, the Moor of Venice, is a powerful example of a tragedy and its main character, Othello, is an excellent illustration of what Aristotle constitutes as a tragic hero. This explains his fascination with a text like Rider Haggards novel She: The History of an Adventure (1886-87), with its unmediated representation of the anima. As Jung himself noted: Literary products of highly dubious merit are often of the greatest interest to the psychologist (Collected 15:87-88). It has been mentioned earlier that pattern in literature refers to recurrent images, forms and words. In addition, Othello is far from being a perfect character - another quality that meets Aristotle's requirements. he asks, which gives pause to a theory of pure nobility. Unfortunately, this got the ball rolling for Othellos inevitable downfall. The critic is at the center of interpretive activity, and the critic functions as teacher, interpreter, priest, seer. Commend me to my kind lord. He offers throughout the play multiple justifi cations for his intrigue: He has been passed over in favor of Cassio; he suspects the Moor and Cassio with his wife, Emilia; he is envious of Cassios open nature; and he is desirous of Desdemona himself. Peopleshow more content An outburst that othello has in a crowd of his peers causes people to start to question their noble leader. When you shall these unlucky deeds relate, "An Archetype Criticism of Othello, a Play by William Shakespeare." He had even gone as far as hitting her (4.1 134). Macbeth) in the essay title portion of your citation. However, as the play progresses, jealousy clamps down his mind, and his decisions are colored with jealousy that Desdemona is betraying him, leading him to kill her and take his own life. The formerly self-sufficient Othello has now staked his life to his faith in Desdemona and their union, and she has done the same. Following his anatomizing of the painfully introspective intellectual Hamlet, Shakespeare, at the height of his ability to probe human nature and to dramatize it in action and language, treats Hamlets temperamental oppositethe man of action. In his play, he portrays Othello like a tragic hero, a type of literary character. James Hillman, Archetypal Psychology: A Brief Account (1983), Re-Visioning Psychology (1975); C. G. Jung, Collected Works (ed. Emilia comes into the couples bedroom after Othello smothers Desdemona, but hears Desdemona cry out. As the story unfolds Othellos character evolves in an extremely tragic way as Iago manipulates him and leaves him to rot in his misery. As Othello came to his breaking point, desdemona foreshadows her own death and he lets jealousy take over. Indeed, the psychological resonances of the drama, along with its provocative racial and gender themes, have caused Othello, perhaps more than any other of Shakespeares plays, to reverberate the loudest with current audiences and commentators. A few names form a core of writers in English (including many Canadians)Martin Bickman, Albert Gelpi, Elliott Gose, Evelyn Hinz, Henry Murray, Barton L. St. Armand, Harold Schechter, and William Stein though no single figure has attracted the attention of academic literary specialists, and no persistent commonalities fuse into a recognizable school critics who draw on Jungs theories. They also attest to his self-confessed lack of interest in literature: I feel not naturally drawn to what one calls literature, but I am strangely attracted by genuine fiction, i.e., fantastical invention (Letters 1:509). 1: 4), but he distinguishes his concept and use of the term from that of philosophical idealism as being more empirical and less metaphysical, though most of his empirical data were dreams. Rashness: The play is replete with rash decisions. If it were now to die Thus, all contrastive categorization would benefit from archetypal analysis. Even when Desdemona was found after Othello strangles her, she still believed that her death was not the fault of Othello. Unlike the other Shakespeare tragedies, which follow the common ideas for Shakespearean tragedy, Othello includes some of the ideas from classical tragedies. Desdemonas true morals is her absolute devotion to her husband. The next significant development in archetypal theory that affected literary studies grew out of the effort made by U.S.-born, Zurich-trained analyst James Hillman (b. In this play there are only three women in the entire play. An archetype is universal; it is generated by man's psyche regardless of time of place. The major work of Frye's to deal with archetypes is Anatomy of Criticism but his essay The Archetypes of Literature is a precursor to the book. R. F. C. Hull, 2 vois., 1973-75). He notes that Singers Unholy Bible: A Psychological Interpretation of William Blake (1970), though oversimplified in its psychobiographical approach and its treatment of characters as psychological projections of the author, does make original use in a literary context of such Jungian techniques of dream interpretation as amplification and of such fantasy-evoking procedures as active imagination.. Archetypal theory then took shape principally in the multidisciplinary journal refounded by Hillman in 1970 in Zurich, Spring: An Annual of Archetypal Psychology and Jungian Thought. Using an archetypal literary criticism, Harry Potter can be analyzed by focusing on different archetypes, such as, symbols, images, and character types in the text. He has promoted Cassio to lieutenant while leaving Iago as ensign. Hillman also discovers archetypal precursors in Neoplatonism, Heraclitus, Plotinus, Proclus, Marsilio Ficino, and Giambattista Vico. From the theorists, dissertations, articles, and books, often traditionally academic in orientation, appeared; the productions of the practitioners are chronicled and critiqued in van Meurss bibliography. Toril Moi, trans. . "In Sidney's view, tragedy provokes "the affects of admiration and commiseration" and so demonstrates "the uncertainty of this world". Archetypal Criticism Archetypal theory and criticism, although often used synonymously with Myth theory and crticism, has a distinct history and process. Archetypal Analysis | R-bloggers Historical is basically know the background story before you making assumptions off the text, and to better understand text lookup time period close to the time like 1600's . Cultural criticism is exploring or examining the relationship of dominant role based on ethnicity, and sexual identity of person, also a great understanding of yourself. Farewell / Commend me to my kind lord. What makes Othello so unique structurally (and painful to witness) is that it is a tragedy built on a comic foundation. Human emotions have a lot of power over how we react to situations in life, the trick is learning how to not let them take over.